Saudi Aramco Oil Company

Saudi Aramco Oil Company

Learn How to Conjugate Reposer (to Rest) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Reposer (to Rest) in French Meaning to rest, the French  reposer  will be a useful addition to your vocabulary. The verb will need to be conjugated, however, if you want to say things such as rested or resting. This lesson will introduce you to the essential conjugations youll need for  reposer. The Basic Conjugations of  Reposer Reposer is a regular -er verb, which means it follows the conjugation pattern of the majority of French verbs. If you have studied words like tomber (to fall), poser  (to put), or any other regular verb that ends in -er, this lesson should be relatively easy. The indicative mood is the best place to begin. This includes the basic present, future, and imperfect past tenses which are used most often in French. The catch is that you need to memorize a new word for every subject pronoun within each tense.   Step one in any conjugation is identifying the verb stem (or radical). For  reposer, that is  repos-. To this, a variety of endings are added that correspond to the subject and the tense. Using the chart, you can find which endings are required. For example,  I am resting is  je repose  while we will rest is  nous reposerons. Present Future Imperfect je repose reposerai reposais tu reposes reposeras reposais il repose reposera reposait nous reposons reposerons reposions vous reposez reposerez reposiez ils reposent reposeront reposaient The Present Participle of  Reposer The  present participle  of regular -er  verbs is very easy to form. All you have to do is add -ant  to the radical. For  reposer,  that produces the word  reposant. Reposer  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà © is the French compound past tense and its used frequently, so its very good to know. Forming it is rather easy as well. Begin by conjugating the auxiliary verb  avoir  into the present tense to match the subject. Youll then follow that with the  past participle  reposà ©, which does not change with the subject but does indicate that someone has already rested. For example, I rested is  jai reposà ©Ã‚  and we rested is  nous avons reposà ©. More Simple Conjugations of  Reposer When youre uncertain if the act of resting will take place, you can turn to either  the subjunctive  or  the conditional. The main difference here is that the conditional says the resting will only happen if something else occurs as well. The passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive  are literary tenses. Youll find these almost exclusively in formal writing. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je repose reposerais reposai reposasse tu reposes reposerais reposas reposasses il repose reposerait reposa repost nous reposions reposerions reposmes reposassions vous reposiez reposeriez repostes reposassiez ils reposent reposeraient reposrent reposassent If you want to tell someone to Rest! or use  reposer  in a similarly assertive statement,  the French imperative  can be used. This is one of those rare times when you dont need the subject pronoun, so simplify it from  tu repose  to  repose. Imperative (tu) repose (nous) reposons (vous) reposez

Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Problem Solving - Essay Example One that is tightly optimised for an initial set of conditions might be more efficient whilst those conditions prevail but fail totally should conditions change. And in today's business world, conditions change daily." The original meaning of Ashby's Law dealt with people attempting to keep a system stable. The controller of the system is better able to control it the more options he has. Variety of action controls variety of input (Wyrdology). According to Bellinger, Castro, and Mills (2009, pg. 1), "According to Russell Ackoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into five categories: Data: symbols; Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions; Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions; Understanding: appreciation of "why"; Wisdom: evaluated understanding." Ackoff indicates that the first four categories relate to the past; they deal with what has been or what is known. Only the fifth category, wisdom, deals with the future because it incorporates vision and design. With wisdom, people can create the future rather than just grasp the present and past. But achieving wisdom isn't easy; people must move successively through the other categories." "There are many approaches to problem solving, depending on the nature of the problem and the people involved in the problem. The more traditional, rational approach is typically used and involves, eg, clarifying description of the problem, analyzing causes, identifying alternatives, assessing each alternative, choosing one, implementing it, and evaluating whether the problem was solved or not" (Free Management Library, 2009, pg. 1). The Work of Wiig and the KRI Kristen Wiig is an actress. She has appeared in the following: Despicable Me, Late Night, WhipIt!, Extract, All Good Things, Saturday Night Live, The Flight of the Conchords, Love is a Weapon of Choice, Adventureland, Ghost Town, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Semi-Pro, Pretty Bird, Walk Hard, 30 Rock, Bill, The Brothers Solomon, Knocked Up, Unaccompanied Minors, Home Purchasing Club, The Enigma with a Stigma, The Drew Carey Show, Untitled Aisha Tyler Project, I'm with Her, June, Life Death and Mini Golf, The Joe Schmo Show, and Melvin Goes to Dinner (IMDB, 2009). "The KRI Library addresses the need for a structured mechanism for key risk indicators and sets the stage for peer-group benchmarking. KRIs are widely viewed as having great potential-as a practical tool for tracking risk and losses, for measuring performance, for conducting process improvement exercises, for calculating capital (especially qualitative adjustments to capital estimates), and particularly for sounding an early warning of changes to an organization's risk profile" (RMAHQ, 2009, pg. 1). KRI services fall into a broad range of services, including the following services:

Anita Whitney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Anita Whitney - Essay Example On her defence, Whitney distanced herself from the claims that the group or herself never intended to an instrument of violence fashioned to overthrow the government as alleged by the state (Whitney 46). Issues During the reign of governor of California, William Stephens, syndicalism was criminalized and those found guilty of it were to be charged by the state for a criminal offence. In this regard, syndicalism was defined as an attempt to replace capitalism with other economic systems through confederation of collectivized unions. Rule In the adjudication of this case, the question that was before the judges was to judicially determines if the 1919 act that enshrined syndicalism as a criminal offence in California violated the provision of the fourteenth Amendments that highlighted equal protection and due process clauses. In the ruling of the court, the judges in a vote that resulted into 9-0 arrived into a determination that it did not violate the provision necessitating Whitneyâ €™s conviction (Whitney 49).... ation of Whitney’s case was to be used as a list of authorities in this case, it culminated into the overruling of the Whitney v California case (Whitney 57). In the ruling from the United States Supreme Court, the court determined that the government could not reprimand inflammatory speeches unless it can be proved that the intent was to incite and the speech itself also has the potential to incite as alleged. Conclusion From the ruling of Whitney V California case, it will be found that the provision of the law do overlap and without critical legal evaluation of the provision of the law, determination of the cases can be very detrimental to the accused, it therefore requires full understanding of a statute and its intention before the judiciary enforces it. Illinois v Gates, 462 U.S.213 Facts In this case that took place in May 1978, the police in Bloomingdale, Illinois, did receive an anonymous letter that gave detailed information on the conduct of Sue and Lance Gates as d rug dealers. It accounted for their itinerary and how they transit drugs from one point to the next, the police then took initiative to make a follow up of the reported case with approval of the warrant to make a search on Sue and Lance from the court. When the police tracked the two, they indeed found marijuana in their car and additional drugs in the house together with other weapons. The case was taken to the Supreme Court after it was ruled that the search was against the law and that the decision of the judge to issue a warrant on anonymous tip was unlawful (Carmen and Walker 51a). Issues The issues surrounding the case were whether it was in order for the police to use a warrant based on anonymous source to conduct a search. Earlier in the Illinois circuit courts, the case had been

Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Care Reform - Essay Example The subsidies will enable the low earners to purchase private health cover. The legal provision also creates room for the development of exchanges for individuals that will be willing to buy cover. The bill also expands accessibility to health insurance by prohibiting insurance firms from denying cover to anyone based on pre-existent conditions (Andrews, 2012). The bill also makes provisions for the creation of an experts’ panel to limit reimbursements to only effective treatments and offer incentives to providers as a way to persuade them to â€Å"bundle† their services instead of charging by singled out procedures (Andrews, 2012). The reform redefines the way Americans purchase health cover by requiring all Americans without employee cover to buy privately provided health insurance cover or pay a tax percentage of 1%-2.5% (Andrews, 2012). Americans that cannot afford cover and do not have one from employers will either go into Medicaid/Medicare or receive tax credits to make the private purchases. Financing of the Affordable Care Act The Affordable Care act will be funded through government funding, taxes and budget cuts. The taxes will include 9% from Medicare and unearned income tax on earnings above $250 000. The taxes will be levied on a sliding scale. Therefore, the more one earns, the higher the taxation. Insurance companies and employers with over 50 fulltime employees will be taxed to fund the plan. Taxes will also be implemented for medical supply companies and pharmaceuticals. Modest estimates by the non-partisan congressional budget office from 2010 showed that health insurance companies would pay $2 billion, medical suppliers would pay $2.3 billion, and pharmaceuticals would pay $2 billion by 2011, and this amount was expected to go up to $10 billion by 2017. Reduction on wasteful spending is also expected to contribute to the budget. The taxes designated. The efficiency that the bill introduces is also expected to cut costs and incr ease efficiency, and therefore; contribute to the offset of the costs incurred. Influence in Legislation and Policy Making The policies relating to Federal changes on pre-existent conditions’ coverage in insurance made a significant part of the overarching initiative, which led to the legislation of the act. Generally, Democrats, liberals and physicians were supportive and still persist in supporting health reforms related to this major reform (Harrison & Gerard, 2010). On the other hand, insurance companies, Republicans and conservatives were opposed to the reform proposal, and they have been actively seeking to repeal on the act that contains the reform details. The opposing forces are still actively attempting to change the main elements of the act. In the initial stages of the proposed reforms, the public was overwhelmingly supportive based on statistics from public opinion polls. However, currently the public is fairly split on the issues surrounding the reform process ( Harrison & Gerard, 2010). Notably, there were also various advocacy organizations that supported the legislation of the act. These included the â€Å"American Association of Retired Persons† (AARP) (Roy, 2012). The Potential Effects of the Affordable Care Act on the Economy The act presents a number of welcome economic effects as well as some unwelcome economic e

Franchising Strategy of McDonalds

Franchising Strategy of McDonalds Globalization refers to the system of interaction among the countries of the world. It has become a significant trend in todays world economies as there is a tendency for many large corporations and business to trade internationally and compete with each other on a global scale. There are many strategies that companies can use in order to expand their business and penetrate into global markets. These strategies include; licensing, exporting, franchising, contract manufacturing, international joint venture and foreign direct investment. We decided however to focus our report on the franchising strategy, and supported it with the case study of McDonalds. FRANCHISING is a contractual agreement whereby someone with a good idea for a business (franchisor) sells the rights to use the business name and sell a product or service (franchise) to others (franchisees) in a given territory in a specified manner. (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 2010, p.132) Franchising has become a very popular strategy that many companies have adopted lately; they have a vast number of global outlets operated by foreign franchisees. This is a list of the worlds most famous franchisors around the world as ranked in the Top 10 Franchisors for 2010; Subway McDonalds 7-Eleven Inc. Hampton Hotels Supercuts H R Block Dunkin Donuts Jani-King Servpro Ampm The table below shows the brief advantages and disadvantages of franchising; Advantages Disadvantages -Personal ownership -Management and marketing assistance -National recognized name -Financial advice and assistance -Lower failure rate -Large start up cost -Shared profit -Management regulation -Restrictions on selling -Fraudulent franchisor McDonalds McDonalds is one of the most successful fast-food restaurants around the world today with a very established and valuable trademark; it is an example of a brand franchise. McDonalds is often considered the gold standard of franchising. (Nickels, McHugh, McHugh, 2010, p.132).The main drive behind this success and rapid expansion was the franchising strategy, which helped them easily penetrate new markets and enlarge their target markets. Around 70 percent of the current McDonalds restaurants are run as independent franchisees. The first franchised outlet was opened in the UK in 1986; however there are now over 31,000 McDonalds restaurants in over 119 countries. Ray KrocThe initial idea of the fast-food restaurant was started by the McDonalds brothers; Dick and Mac. They opened their first restaurant in 1940 in California, but as a start they did not know that this restaurant will grow tremendously, and have such a large market share. They were extremely modest until they discovered a formula that sells an absolutely high quality product with low affordable prices attached, and quickly. However a significant role was played by Ray Kroc, an experienced business man with a talent for marketing. When he became involved in the business he realized that this formula could be very profitable and can be sold on a national basis all over the US. Therefore the main success of McDonalds is attributed to Ray Kroc because he had a vision to take McDonalds global and help achieve the highest levels success. Procedures of starting a McDonalds Franchise The steps taken in order to gain approval and start your own McDonalds restaurant are rather lengthy and costly. In order to be considered for a franchise and granted permission to use the McDonalds brand name; a minimum of $300,000 is needed strictly from the owners personal savings and resources (i.e. not from borrowed resources such as loan or mortgages). Furthermore under the requirements of a obtaining a McDonalds franchise, McDonalds has to own or lease the restaurant premises that the franchisee will operate in. The franchisee will then have to purchase the fittings, the equipment and the right to operate the franchise for twenty years. To guarantee a consistent and uniform trademark internationally all franchisees must use standardized McDonalds branding, menus, design layouts and administration systems. (Franchising and Entrepreneurship, n.d.) The franchisee managers should have certain specifications and qualities that meet McDonalds standards. These may consist of the ability to take care of the business financing, possessing good management skills in order to motivate train the employees, be willing to peruse a comprehensive training course and finally dedicate all their time to operating the restaurant and take care of the day-to-day activities of the business. (How Much Does a McDonalds Franchise Cost, n.d.) The procedures of starting a McDonalds franchisee mentioned above, elaborate how franchising systems in general operate in world markets. It shows how careful franchisors are in selecting and recruiting the best franchisees worldwide, in order to ensure that their goodwill and business trademark are not misused by fraudulent franchisees. It also gives us a brief summary of the requirements needed by a franchisor in order to grant an individual the right to use its business idea and sell its products. Advantages of franchising As mentioned above, the main drive behind the success and rapid expansion of McDonalds is franchising, we will discuss the benefits of franchising in detail and show how they were applicable to McDonalds. Franchising has enabled McDonalds to experience significantly faster expansion and growth, helping it to achieve a truly global brand identity and a well known trademark. For example McDonalds now operates in more than 119 countries world-wide, serving millions of consumers daily, the existence of the franchisee outlets globally have helped McDonalds gain popularity and customer loyalty. McDonalds is able to gain more income and revenues from the monthly fees (5% service fee) and rent paid by its franchisees worldwide, this means they can generate more finance which can later be used to develop and expand the business. Therefore franchising gives the opportunity to franchisors to raise sufficient capital. Franchising gives a chance to the franchisor to leverage the brand. By acquiring new franchise outlets, McDonalds was able to get in touch with a wider target market and reach more consumers globally, this in the long-run helped it achieve and maintain a high market share in the fast-food industry and it also enhanced the companys corporate image and prestige. (Becoming a Franchisor, 2003) When the franchisor sells the right to use its brand name to the franchisee, it is not required to intervene in the day-to-day activities of the business. When new franchise outlets commence, McDonalds is obliged to supply them with the equipment needed, raw materials and comprehensive training to the employees. However after these events have taken place, McDonalds is not responsible for the day-to-day running and management of the business. Therefore this eliminates the responsibility for direct supervision and gives the franchisor more time to concentrate on the strategic functions of the business, such as looking for new potential markets, building strong marketing plans and advertisement campaigns and so on. Franchisors are able to benefit from economies of scale, because as their total production levels increase, the average costs tend to decrease. These economies of scale may include marketing economies of scale; McDonalds for example will be able to have more money to spend on its advertising campaigns if its number of restaurants is higher, and it will also save the company the redundant costs of having separate national campaigns, therefore this helps reduce on the business expenses and hence register higher profits.. By having many franchise outlets worldwide, McDonalds achieves diversification and spreads its risks worldwide. This means that a failure in any one of its restaurant will not be very disastrous to the company, because there are many other successful and profitable restaurants that can help offset or compensate for this loss. Therefore, franchising helps minimize the rate of failure and helps keep businesses stronger. Disadvantages of franchising Previously we have stated the advantages of franchising in terms of McDonalds, however franchising has some disadvantages as well such as: Large start-up costs: The cost of franchise can vary from one business to the other. The more popular the business is the more fees the franchisee has to pay to the franchisor in order to have the right to use the businesss specific name and sell its products. That is because businesses which possess well-known trademarks reduces the risks that a franchisee takes, in other words it reduces the businesss possibility of failing, thus, its more expensive. A Franchisor such as McDonalds will require a very high start-up fee from the Franchisee simply because McDonalds is an extremely well-known restaurant. In order to be able to open a McDonalds franchise, a franchisee needs to have around $506,000 to $1,600,000 of non-borrowed cash personal money. The start-up cost depends on the location on the store. Shard Profits: In return of franchise the franchisor (McDonalds) gets the start-up cost in addition, to the annual franchise fee, which is a fee that is paid for training and preparations, price of equipment, money for working capital like fried potatoes machines etc., the original franchise fee is typically $45,000. Besides, the franchisee is also expected to monthly pay service fee which is 4.0% and rent fees to McDonalds, based on the sales performance. Plus the extra money they have to send on royalties on the income, it range between 2 to 10 % of the franchisors profits. Royalties are charged on the profits a business makes before taxes and other expenses such as wages. Therefore the higher the profits, the higher the royalty. The royalty fee for McDonalds is ingoing 12.5%. Therefore, a franchisee has to share a large amount of his/her profit with the franchisor (McDonalds). Restrictions on selling: Some franchisees face restrictions on re-selling their business. The franchisor has to first choose the new owner and assure that they meet the standards required for this business, with the intention of controlling the quality of their franchisee. MacDonalds for example requires a franchisee that has a business plan, good management skills, training, and mostly significant business experience. From 10,000 franchisees only 1000 are accepted and only 200 are chosen from the 1000 to operate. Coattail effects: Franchisors usually keep in mind that the actions taken by the franchisees can affect their profits and future development. Franchisees must also beware of their competitions from other franchisees. For instance, McDonalds has to look out from other fast food restaurants such as KFC, Burger kings, even other McDonalds franchisees. MacDonalds franchisees criticized that as a result of McDonalds cooperation persistent growth principles, some of the new stores have been taken away business at existing locations, limiting franchisees profits per outlet. Management Regulations: Management regulations such as the fund restrictions in MacDonalds, which states that when a franchisee has funds, he/she can, increase these funds through business loans from banks or small business administrations. However, the franchisee can only finance the cost for seven years or less. This might make the franchisee feel that he/she is not their own boss anymore and that they do not own their own business management regulations often make the franchisees feel pressured and burdened by the franchisor. Adapting to different cultures One of the limitations of expanding your business globally is adapting to the different cultures around the world, this is a problem many companies fail as they decide to operate in foreign countries. Living in a multi-cultured society, firms should learn how to adapt their strategies and products to suit and satisfy the needs of the local population. McDonalds has been one of the most effective companies in flexibly adapting to different cultures and societies. It has been very successful in identifying the local consumers tastes and preferences and then altering their menus and dishes to satisfy these preferences. As an article states, In the markets in which it operates, McDonalds listens to customers and adapts to their culture and preferences (Sun never sets on Mickey Ds, 2010). India:-In order to adapt to the Indian society, McDonalds had to offer vegetarian food and had to ensure that the all the food provided contained no beef ingredients in them. This is because the Hinduism religion prohibits eating meat products mostly beef; therefore they introduced new menu items like the McVeggie and McAloo Tikkie. Israel: In Israel, all meat served is 100 percent kosher beef (Sun never sets on Mickey Ds, 2010) which means that the food is pure clean with no organic materials added. Israelis demand more healthy food with no chemical preservatives therefore McDonalds uses Canola oil which has no trans-fats to prepare the meals. Middle East: In order to adapt to the Islamic religion of the Arab countries, McDonalds introduced Halal Meat in its menus which encouraged Muslims to eat more frequently from McDonalds and this increased the companys sales. They also introduced a menu called Mc-Arabia Lawsuits McDonalds has faced a number of lawsuits over the previous years in many different countries. This can be looked one of the short-comings of franchising, because as many independent owners use the companys brand name and trademark they may damage the reputation of McDonalds and destroy its corporate image. The following are examples of lawsuits encountered by McDonalds; A lawsuit was filed by a former franchise manager in Brazil accusing McDonalds for making him gain 65 pounds during the period of his twelve years of employment at the corporation. He claimed that he was forced to sample the food everyday in order to make sure it is of standard quality. The Brazilian court ruled in favour of the manager and held McDonalds Corporation liable for the managers obesity ordered it to pay $17,500 as a compensation fee. (Benson, 2010) A Vegetarian Resource Group also filed a law suit against McDonalds, accusing it of purposefully using an animal ingredient in its French fries. They blamed the fast-food restaurant for not notifying vegetarians that the French fries and hash browns had beef in them. A $10 million settlement was agreed later agreed upon on April 2002. (Akers, n.d.) Tony Cosgrove, the director of the Cleveland Clinic also got into a conflict with the McDonalds restaurants, claiming that fast food restaurants such as McDonalds that offer junk food should not be allowed to operate in medical institutions. This is because it is rather absurd to offer foods that are inconsistent with the health and dietary advice, doctors give their patients and this puts the patients health at stake. (Adams, 2005) Word count: 2,381 Original Case study http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/sme/en/wipo_smes_del_08/wipo_smes_del_08_www_116736.pdf

Response to Bystander Effect, Prejudice, Aggression and Deterrence Theory Essay

The Bystander Effect states that the greatest number of bystanders who witness an emergency the less likely anyone of them will help. What are your views about the bystander effect?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The phenomenon of the bystander effect became recognized and found its niche in social psychology studies after the murder of Catherine â€Å"Kitty† Genovese in 1964.   As it is one of the most shocking murders in the history, the emphasis on the psychological phenomenon that occurred in March 13, 1964 at about 3:15 am (Gado 2007) is overrated. Trekking back to the murder of Genovese, we can note that at the very hour when the crime occurred people are still usually asleep. According to the accounts on the incident, the victim did scream for help, and since it was a fatal assault, surely, the victim’s persistence to get some aid should not be doubted, -this screaming and shouting for help may cancel out the fact that the people in her proximity are still deeply asleep (as accounts say there are 38 witnesses to this murder), but at those very hours we need not further dig deeper to unravel the mysterious apathy of the witnesses all we need to do is take note of the time the assault happened; some of the witnesses may have actually heard the screams but still has the need to sleep to face a Saturday-workday ahead of them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We can complement this further with what Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs states; that the greatest need of an individual is his/her physiological needs in which sleeps or rest falls under. Moreover, since the violent scene broke the supposedly yet sleep-time’s peace, it is understandable that the witnesses had chosen not to leave the refuge of their homes, fearing that they could be the next victim. -the need for safety and security comes as the second priority in Maslow’s renowned pyramid model. These two needs therefore may have overridden any urges to be a hero or a Good Samaritan among the witnesses at those moments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The belief that occurs each time a â€Å"bystander effect† happens is that every witness thinks that someone else among the other witnesses is more capable to help. Let us simulate a likely scenario in observance of the theory: a 79 year old lady was tripped by a rock on a crowded and busy street. In an instance like this you may likely see that not only one person will rush in to help the old lady get back on her feet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A bystander effect though always has a chance to occur and cast its spell; to shroud a cloud of confusion that may blur the discerning of witnesses to response to an emergency. On one hand, some factors may actually trigger a witness’s or a bystander’s urge to help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the affinity or degree of relation the bystander has with the individual in need of help. This will define the innate will to help and would trigger a certain sense of responsibility on the bystander’s side to help that someone he/she knows or that someone whom he/she at least have something-in-common with (for example, supporting the same basketball team, someone in the same organization). Second, would be the empathy factor that may come from one’s recalling of a previous experience that will move him/her to be of help. Third, would be the effect of mood and condition of a bystander (Bordens & Horowitz 1973), this however considers the ruling of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs over the urge to help base on mood. How can prejudice be reduced?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through quick referrence to a dictionary, prejudice would simply be defined as preconceived or   premature judgement. First, let us see the nature behind prejudice; according to the Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology (2005), â€Å"People are not born prejudiced: many prejudices are formed against groups with which a person has never had any contact.† In basic analysis, we can then perceive that the existence of prejudice pre-requires innocence or even ignorance, -that one’s mind must be a pail that should be empty or yet has to be filled (by information and initially with opinions of other people).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Through interaction and communication with other individuals, one would naturally absorb the prejudices of another individual he/she gets contact with. According to the communication model (Laswell 1948); in every communication process there is the presence of: 1) a source, 2) a message, 3) a channel, 4) a receiver, 5) an effect, and 6) a feedback. Applying this process in tracing the development of prejudice, if an individual has yet zero knowledge or background towards a subject, as a receiver of a message he/she had to undergo the next step of the process, which is the effect. The effect here now since the receiver is yet an ’empty pail’ would be to digest the message, and if the message transmitted is prejudiced it will pour a content in that empty pail that may soon serve as the receiver’s raw material in generating his/her own prejudices. In psychology, this model resembles the social cognition pattern which likewise explains the development of prejudice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     If we are to reduce prejudice, the direct equation we can derive from Laswell’s Model would be to reduce the interaction and communication with other individuals. This in reality however, is improbable as communication being both infinite and spontaneous processes cannot be reduced in terms of amount. The number of communication sources can forcibly be reduced but the messages that a receiver had already received will continue to develop and be repeatedly analysed in his/her mind which then will be used by him/her when it’s his/her turn to communicate as a speaker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prejudiced beliefs lead to stereotyping, which are natural tendencies to categorise the world in order to make sense of it (NAT.org 2003). In an attempt to make the complex world organized as we perceive it, we tend to put labels on objects, events, and individuals that has same characteristics which send to us stimuli that are alike.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A means to reduce stereotyping and generalization as dictated by prejudice is to expose a prejudiced person to individuals capable of dispelling it (Gale Encyclopedia2005), these individuals include those that contradict the stereotypes. This approach to reduce and neutralize stereotyping, though somewhat indirect, will help in thawing whatever barriers prejudices had formed within one’s disposition which eventually is good, as sooner or later this prejudiced person will have the chance to interact with a person who belongs to a grouped he/she had stereotyped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the treatment to reduce prejudice in the form of stereotyping, immersion could be a vital antidote. In the same manner as Edward Said’s Travel Theory (1983), a culture or an idea (which in some cases can be a prejudiced idea) is bound to loose its original potency, its strength, and even its form as it gets contact with other cultures.  Ã‚   A stereotype can likewise be tamed; if the ignorance and the innocence where it was founded over will finally be bridged by discovering the truth (which may include interacting with the people whom you had a stereotype on) -this first-hand, actual, and direct encounter will not just reduce prejudice but also dispel it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More than the more common but not-at-all easily done idea; to be open—minded, interaction would be the best achievable solution in reducing stereotypes. Write a two-page essay in which you describe Freud’s theory on aggression. Additionally, describe Bandura’s theory on aggression and what strategies would he recommend using to diminish aggressive behaviour. Do you think that aggression is innate or learned? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sigmund Freud explained that the theory of aggression begins at the early ages when a boy begins to develop his intimate relationship with his mother, being the natural provider and nurturing entity for the boy -this intimate relationship will come to a point that the boy will have sexual desires for his mother. In the family picture however, there is the presence of the father -whom the boy will ‘treat’ as his rival in getting his mother’s affection and attention. But eventually, the boy will realize that he can’t win over his father, as the chances of winning in physical terms is impossible due the boys inferior size, the boy will concede is this competition and soon will realize that his mother is not a suitable object of love and sexual urges (cited in Freud & Smith 1999).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This sexual-desire idea is called the Oedipus complex; while as for the girls, they also undergo the same condition and it is termed Electra complex. Freud claims that these are manifestations of the modifiers that dictate human behaviour; instinct and sexual urges called libido. Libido is energy derived from the Eros, or life instinct (cited in Freud & Smith 1999). Aggression is the outcome when the urges of libido are not released.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eros, is present in every man, so as what Freud had introduced thereafter; the concept of Thanatos or death force. This energy from this death force seeks to deliver death and destruction, which also bounds a man to destroy his own self. Thanatos does not entirely pour its energy towards self-destruction, some of which are channelled to other objects and individuals which explains the presence of aggression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even before technology, liberal thinking, and advance science, and even before the man who gave name to the concept was born, the world had abide with the ‘survival of the fittest’. Scientist Charles Darwin used the phrase to term the endless struggle of beings against one another for existence. The energy from Thanatos may support what sends a being to take aggression upon another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bandura (1973) claimed that human behaviour is determined by the environment. Likewise man’s behaviour also dictates his environment.   This means that a man learns his aggression on what he perceives on his environment, while with the presence of aggression or the absence of it around, affects what the environment will become.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bandura’s approach in dealing with and along the process diminishing behaviour is through self-regulation or simply to control one’s own behaviour. This begins with self-observation (watching and analyzing our own behaviours), then with judgement (setting a standard or an ideal measure were we can compare our behaviours with and pattern it to them), and finally with self-response (your manner of affirming yourself whether you are satisfied or not with what was your behaviour in a particular occasion).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aggression is innate to man, I agree for solid reasons. First, I would refer to what Abraham Maslow (1954) refer as the second immediate need; safety and security.   From which threats do we seek protection against? Harsh weather? -We got our concrete homes and thick winter suits. Wild Animals? That’s what technology and urbanization is for, putting the dangerous forage-and-hunt lifestyle locked in oblivion, then what? The best answer would be human threats -which are manifestations of the presence of aggression in man. Second; man is the superior specie of all but we are still classifiable as animals -beings which are programmed from birth to seek, hunt and fight for survival. An aspect of aggression is learned by man but this mainly covers the manners of aggression; like the idea of how to use weapons and sub due impending opponents. What is deterrence theory? Why do people commit crimes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Punishments are pre-emptive instruments set by established laws and rules meant to discourage and intimidate would-be offenders. An ever-existing idea based on what is called the Deterrence theory. â€Å"Deterrence theory is based on the concept that, if the consequence of committing a crime outweighs the benefit of the crime itself, the individual will be deterred from committing the crime†. (Summerfield, 2006, p. 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By default, deterrence theory lies on the fear a punishment can instil to the subjects of a law.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ideally, a law applies to everyone in a state; both the government and the subjects. But in reality, since deterrence theory was put to practice in an organized-society nation, it has revealed some serious flaws in itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Write Morgan Summerfield traced the origin of the deterrence theory -stemming out the roots of its practice from old England from the Dark Ages, Feudal Era, the Tudor period, when feudal lords, kings, and queens, where the first to introduce the system of punishment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although crimes at that era meant heavy punishment, as Summerfield would collectively describe as â€Å"brutal† and â€Å"severe†, an individual’s economic status would determine his vulnerability to the legal consequences of the crime; â€Å"Someone wealthy or influential could often commit offences with impunity, while someone of lesser birth would be severely punished for the same offence.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Between this statement’s lines lies an implication; the power of money, and the call to have it, which is avarice, is also ‘encouraged’.  Ã‚   Money, power, and influence has been the bridges to punishment-evasion several centuries ago. These gives definition to deterrence theory as the imperfect concept where present laws and subjects-controlling policies are taken from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The answer to the question why do people commit crimes lies in the failures of deterrence theory. By default, law enforcers assume that making it known to the people that crimes are met with punishments is not enough.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First reason; not every criminal are caught, hence the crime = penalty equation is not absolute. Second, every criminal does not have the same level of fear; the fear variable is defined by how ‘hard’ the criminal/law offender is (a repeatedly imprisoned individual may not fear the conditions of being in jail as much as a first-time convict would. Third would be how able the criminal is in protecting/saving himself/herself from the legal repercussions of the crime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If we are to directly relate the question why do people commit crimes with the fear-dependent deterrent theory, we can conclude that the discrepancy of fear among the subjects of a law do explains why not all individuals are stopped by impending punishments and thus, go on and commit crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another premise that may explain why do people commit crimes is the existence of free will; â€Å"When they act in a criminal manner, they do so out of free will and weigh the consequences of their actions—they know what they are doing and choose to do it† (Summerfield 2006).   Along with it is the belief of Chinese Philosopher, Kong Zi (Xun-Zi) that man is by nature evil. -reflected in the oldest book of all time, the Bible, in the chapter of Genesis where the first man used its free will to ignore the rule set by God in the Garden of Eden.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kong Zi meanwhile acknowledges too that man is capable of doing good; but for a man to do a good act it has to be done consciously. The society’s means of increasing man’s awareness and sensitivity to do conscious good acts, to teach what is right and to do right is by establishing institutions   (schools, churches) to teach norms, and make laws and policies (to assure that the norms are followed).   -Which brings us to an uncomplicated cycle; the â€Å"naturally evil† man is straightened out and taught what is good being covered by different laws and policies which is based from the deterrence theory. On a research done by Richard Lebow and Janice Stein (1995), they claimed that Deterrence theory rarely succeeds. Although their work underwent ‘waves’ of criticisms and was thoroughly scrutinized for gaps and flaws, the spirit of deterrence theory, which is carried over by the laws in present time seems to testify on the findings of Lebow and Stein. References Contributors: Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis. p. 183. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Prentice-Hall. Bordens, K. Sm, Horowtiz, I, A.(Eds.). (2001) Social Psychology (second edition). Lawrence   Ã‚   Erlbaum Associates Gado, M. (2007) A Cry in the Night: The Kitty Genovese Murder   Retrieved February 26, 2008 from Crime Library, Courtroom Television Network, LLC. Gale Group, (2001). Gale Encyclopaedia of Psychology, 2nd Ed..   Retrieved February 27, 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2699/is_0002/ai_2699000270 Huitt, W. (2006). Social cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   State University. Retrieved February 28, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/soccog/soccog.html. Jervis, R., Lebow, R., Stein, (Eds.). (1985) Psychology and Deterrence . Baltimore: The Johns    Hopkins Press, Laswell, H.D., (1948). â€Å"The structure and function of communication in societyâ€Å" -in the communication of ideas, ed. Bryson, L. New York: Harper. Maslow, A (1954). Motivation and Personality. NAT.org. (February 2003). The Psychology of Prejudice Retrieved February 28, 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.e-alliance.ch/media/media-4301.pdf. Said, E. W. (1983) â€Å"Travelling Theory,† The World, the Text, and the Critic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cambridge: Harvard    University Press. Smith, A. K. (1999) Theories of Aggression. Biology 202: 1999 Final Web Reports-Biology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved February 28, 2008 from Serendip database. Summerfield, M. (2006). Evolution of Deterrence Crime Theory, a journey with an End. Retrieved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   February 27, 2008 from Associated Content, Inc.

Mass Media and Violent Behavior among Adolescents Essay

Violent scenes have become extremely commonplace among different forms of mass media that is available to the public. However, the rise of many heinous crimes committed by individuals who have been reported to patronize different mass media which contain excessive violence have made many behavioral psychologists and other researchers to see if there is a direct relationship between the extensive exposure of violence in different types of mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents. This paper aims to provide relevant information that while there is a direct relationship between the exposure of violent scenes in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents, there are a number of other factors which need to be present in order for exposure to violent scenes in mass media to cause an adolescent to exemplify violent behavioral patterns. The paper would present a brief overview of the growth of popularity of violent scenes in different types of mass media. It would then provide factual incidences which have caused behavioral psychologists and other researchers to search for the relationship of increased exposure to violence in mass media and the development of violent behavior among adolescents as well as the different factors that an adolescent must already possess in order for such a direct relationship to occur. Violence as Entertainment Since the ancient times, violence has proven to be a popular form of entertainment in almost every culture in the world. These violent forms of entertainment range from viewing animals engaging in combat with each other, to various forms of entertainment where two individuals would need to physically compete and defeat the other in order to be claimed as the winner. Over the centuries, violence has remained a popular form of entertainment to the masses. It is presently used in computer video games, movies and television (Felson 1996). Crimes Linked to Violent Forms of Mass Media Recently, there has been a rise of a number of various heinous crimes committed by various individuals who have been noted to have become frequently exposed to various kinds of mass media which have been known to contain excessively graphic violent scenes. In 1993, two 11-year old boys where charged for the murder of a two-year old toddler named James Bulger by beating the young toddler to death along a railway track. This resulted to a number of various journalists to speculate that the violent nature of the crime and the violent behavior inert of these young boys were a result of them watching Child’s Play III, a horror film which was released during this time (Holland 2001). Perhaps the most popular case where behavioral psychologists and other researchers have theorized that violent scenes from different types of mass media leads to violent behavior, especially among adolescents, was on April 20, 1999. On this day, two teenagers who have been known to be fans of various violent video games and films which have been eventually discovered in the rooms of the two teenagers who had committed the crime before killing themselves with self-inflicted gunshots (Roy 2002). This was led to a number of research studies to be conducted in relation to the influence of violent scenes found in different forms of mass media and the development of violent behavior, particularly among the youth. The results of these research studies were then published in numerous peer-viewed journals and newspapers in order to make the public aware of the direct relationship between heavy exposures to violent scenes found in different forms of media have caused many adolescent to exemplify and exhibit violent forms of behavior towards each other (Gauntlett 2001). Contention to the Study Over the past few years, many research studies have been published which actually contend the belief that extreme exposure of violent scenes in different forms of mass media to have a direct influence to the development of violent behavior among adolescents. While these research studies do not disregard exposure to violent scenes in mass media can induce the development of violent behavior among adolescents, research studies have stipulated that there are other factors that contribute to this. One is the exposure of the adolescents to other acts of violence that have not been viewed through mass media. An adolescent, according to these research studies, can also develop violent acts of behavior by being exposed to various acts of violence that occur within the community the adolescent belongs. Among these are exposure to domestic violence and gang violence, which commonly occur within communities which have a low income socio-economic status (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003). Another is the presence of psychological distress. Adolescents who have been diagnosed or exhibit symptoms of anxiety and depression brought about by acts of alienation and other forms of victimization brought about by their peers and other individuals would also induce violent behavior to be exhibited by these adolescents. This was the case of the two Columbine High School shooters who have been subjected to alienation and acts of bullying from their fellow classmates (Jipguep & Sanders-Phillips 2003; Roy 2002). Conclusion Aggression and other forms of violent behavior may be triggered by violent scenes found in different types of mass media adolescents are able to access today. However, it has been determined that an adolescent must possess other characteristics and traits for violent scenes from mass-media to trigger violence among adolescents. Some of these include and adolescent’s exposure to acts of violence at home or within his or her community as well as oppressive acts towards these adolescents by their peers. It is for this reason that researchers and medical professionals are now able to explain why exposure to violent scenes in mass media does not affect all adolescents in terms of triggering violence. References Felson, R. B. (1996). Mass media effects on violent behavior. Annual review of sociology, 22, 103-28. Gauntlett, D. (2001). The worrying influence of ‘media effects’ studies. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects: the media/violence debate (pp. 47-62). New York: Routledge. Holland, P. (2001). Living for libido; or ‘child’s play IV’: the imagery of childhood and the call for censorship. In M. Barker (Ed. ), Ill effects: the media/violence debate (pp. 78- 86). New York: Routledge. Jipguep, M. C. & Sanders-Phillips, K. (2003). The context of violence for children of color: violence in the community and in the media. The journal of Negro education, 72(4), 379-95. Roy, J. M. (2002). Love to hate: America’s obsession with hatred and violence. New York: Columbia University Press.

Child Protection Services And Human Welfare Social Work Essays

Child Protection Services And Human Welfare Social Work Essays Child Protection Services And Human Welfare Social Work Essay Child Protection Services And Human Welfare Social Work Essay Child public assistance consists of a figure of services aimed at helping peculiar demands in kids. Some of these services include working with kids who are stateless, destitute, delinquents, or adolescent parents. Child public assistance, nevertheless, is possibly best associated with the group of services more normally referred to as kid protective services ( CPS ) . These services are charged with the duty of guaranting kids are shacking in a safe and stable environment. These are usually kids who come from places where there is a inquiry of maltreatment ( physical, emotional, sexual ) or neglect. CPS must look into these state of affairss to find if the kid should be removed from the place. If it is determined the kid is to be placed in out of place attention, CPS workers must fix a program for the attention of the kid. The first measure in set uping best patterns is to integrate research proved methods into pattern. Alternatively of merely trusting on what the professional is comfy or experienced with, evidence-based pattern can supply professionals with methods and resources proven to be effectual when working with clients ( Edmond, Megivern, Williams, Rochman, A ; A Howard, 2006 ) . This is the differentiation between what works, and what works best ; what the professional knows, and what they should cognize. It is of import to indicate out that there is no remarkable best pattern method to vouch success. Using best patterns involves being eclectic in the attention you provide. Since every client is different and nowadayss with a alone set of fortunes, so excessively should be the services they receive. Regardless of the particulars of the state of affairs, the current recognized aim in kid public assistance is household saving, or, reunion ; the reuniting of the kid with their household. This option should be the purpose of services whenever executable. To back up the end of reunion, there are a figure of best patterns presently used in the field, which increase the chance of success. Culture-Centered Practice As antecedently stated, no client or state of affairs is the same. However, the criterions and outlooks of kids and households in the system are homogenous and consistent. Research shows that there is a disproportionately high per centum of minorities represented in the system ( Chinball, Dutch, Jones-Harden, Brown, A ; Gourdine, 2003 ) . Is this because minorities are more likely to be bad parents, or do non cognize how to rear decently? The reply is no. Harmonizing to Miller and Gaston ( 2003 ) , this disproportionality is, to a great extent, caused by the cultural haughtiness of the American kid public assistance system where every kid is expected to conform to Anglo-Saxon cultural development criterions, regardless of their ain cultural criterions. To battle this cultural fondness, bureaus and professionals must utilize a civilization centered attack in their pattern. This includes non merely set uping culturally indifferent criterions, but guaranting professionals have an apprehension and credence of the cultural diverseness represented within the client population. Working with the cultural norms of the client alternatively of demanding conformance to ideals and outlooks which are unfamiliar or unnatural to clients can do all the difference in making a fairer, more equal system. Multidisciplinary Practice There are many fortunes which may take to the engagement of kid protective services with a household, and each of these dramas a function in the determination to take a kid from the place. It is rare that a kid is mistreated merely out of desire ; it is normally the consequence of these other fortunes. Each of these fortunes serves as an obstruction which must be overcome if the end of reunion is to be met successfully. The professional must hold an apprehension that if households had the cognition and/or entree to resources necessary to supply and care for their kids adequately, CPS would non be needed. Integrating a multidisciplinary attack to child public assistance where intervention for covering with the issues confronting parents are integrated into the services provided by the bureau is good. This may include intervention for mental wellness and/or substance maltreatment jobs. It is good known and widely accepted that these types of jobs frequently inhibit to the ability to rear efficaciously. Therefore, it seems logical that since these issues may lend to the remotion of the kid from the place, that intervention should be incorporated into the service program for reunion. A multidisciplinary attack allows for these services to be coordinated, facilitated, and monitored by the bureau. This allows the client to hold easier and quicker entree to intervention options, which in bend can ensue in a quicker completion of the plan ( Ryan, Marsh, Testa, A ; Louderman, 2006 ) . A multidisciplinary attack offers clients a simplified procedure which is less overpowering, contains less room for mistake, and allows for the expertness and input of a figure of professionals. Home-based Practice Obtaining an apprehension of where a client comes from is critical to understanding who that client is, but this should non merely occur on a cultural degree. Often, professionals in kid public assistance will run into and work with clients inside the client s place. Using a home-based pattern method allows the professional to derive a deeper apprehension of the kineticss of the household system and the chance to see how outside forces may be impacting the state of affairs. Home-based attention will help the professional in guaranting continuity of attention, accessing hard to make clients, minimising barriers to care, easing generalisation of new accomplishments to the natural environment, and minimising the power instability by run intoing clients on their ain sod ( Allen and Tracy, 2008 ) . This may besides help in developing the common regard, trust, and comfort necessary to set up a healthy working relationship between professional and client. Clients will experience more at easiness and safe every bit good as less intimidated while in their ain place. This may further more honest, accepting, and productive interactions. Battle Schemes All of the discussed best patterns will increase the opportunity of a successful reunion, but they are all useless without the engagement of the parent client. In order for best patterns to be successful, the parent must be an active participant ; they must be engaged with the procedure. Extinguishing obstructions to parental battle in patterns is besides a best pattern. These obstructions may include physical restrictions like deficiency of kid attention or transit, but may besides be due to fear, embarrassment, anxiousness, or deficiency of apprehension of the state of affairs and how they can take part in altering these fortunes. The patterns which have antecedently been discussed service as best patterns non merely because they promote the ends of kid public assistance services, but because they besides work to promote parental engagement in the procedure. Home based attention can extinguish possible barriers sing transit and kid attention a client may hold, and may diminish some anxiousness. These physical obstructions, nevertheless, are frequently the easy 1s to get the better of. Another measure to promoting parental battle is to see that patterns are strengths-based. This involves less focal point on what is incorrect with the client, and more on the accomplishments and resources they possess which can be used to convey about alteration ( Seita, 2004 ) . Many households are put off by the plan and resist engagement merely because they do non experience they can do a alteration, or play an active function. They may experience that services are a penalty, alternatively of an chance to assist. Harmonizing to Alpert and Britner ( 2009 ) , following an overall attack that is centered on the household and their demands, and set uping an empowering, strengths-based parent-caseworker relationship is cardinal to keeping parents battle in services . But constructing a positive client relationship is non the lone thing that can be done. Research besides suggests that it is every bit much about the behaviours of the professional as the personality. To promote battle, a professional should interact with the client through the scene of reciprocally satisfactory ends, supplying services the clients find relevant and helpful, concentrating on client accomplishments instead than penetrations, and passing sufficient clip with clients to show accomplishments and supply necessary resources ( Dawson and Berry, 2002 ) . These best patterns have proven successful while working with parents in the kid public assistance system, but they are non guaranteed. Despite the best attempts of kid public assistance professionals, excessively frequently, the turning away of arrangement or the program for household reunion fails. Every twelvemonth, 100s of 1000s of American kids are placed into the Foster attention system. Of these kids, many will non be returned to their places ; they will remain in surrogate attention long term. Best Practices with Children Childs who are placed into the Foster attention system will besides necessitate services to assist them get by with and adjust to the arrangement. Many of the best patterns used when working with parents, are besides good when working with kids. Multidisciplinary Practice Children within the Foster attention system are likely to hold issues which may hinder on successful arrangement. These kids may endure from behavioural jobs, physical or mental disablements, and have issues with substance maltreatment, or emotional perturbations including depression, anxiousness, or attachment upset. They may experience unhappiness, fright, choler, guilt or bitterness. They may see a misgiving of people and force everyone off, or be despairing for attending and fondness and cleaving to people. These jobs need to be treated and integrating services to pull off them makes sense. A multidisciplinary attack assures that a kid who needs these services will be recognized and treated. Romanelli et Al. ( 2009 ) suggest that many bureaus that do non use this pattern frequently overlook or improperly screen kids who are in demand of specialised services, and of those who are identified, many will non have these services. This allows the kid to remain out of a more restrictive scene like a juvenile detainment or institutional scene and alternatively receive coordinated, multisystemic services while the kid lives in the normalizing environments of a protective household, school, and community ( Meadowcroft, Thomlison, and Chamberlain, 1994 ) . Transitioning From Foster Care The concluding best pattern to discourse respects kids who are aging out of surrogate attention. The Department of Health and Human Services ( 2008 ) , states that about 20,000 kids each twelvemonth will age out of the Foster attention system. Normally these kids passage to independent life at the age of 18. There are presently plans in some provinces, nevertheless, that extend the age of passage to 20. These few excess old ages allow the Foster child the chance to set up the accomplishments necessary for independent life, and make a web of support while set uping the resources necessary for success. A successful transitional plan addresses the societal demands of the kids by supplying guidance and support, advice and counsel. But the key to successful transitioning is to fix the kid for independent life by supplying educational support, employment support or preparation, budget direction services, personal wellness and hygiene services, aid determination and keeping lodging, or services to advance young person development ( Courtney and Dworsky, 2006 ) . Programs such as this, offer former Foster kids an chance to be a successful grownup, which is, after all, the end of parenting. Decision The Child Welfare system presently implements several best patterns which purposes to better function clients while increasing the likeliness of successful results. Unlike many other countries of Human Services, Child Welfare maps are family-centered, concentrating on both the demands of the kid every bit good as the parent. Identifying and implementing current best patterns in kid public assistance bureaus is critical, as professionals take on possibly the most of import function of humanity, that of raising a kid. Through home-based, multidisciplinary, strengths-based, cultured-centered patterns, clients in kid public assistance may develop the accomplishments and have the intervention necessary to win.

Free Essays on Who Believes In Fairy Tales Anyway

Once upon a long time ago, our ancient ancestors told their offspring the stories of the time. It was a form of the â€Å"news† and bonding. These stories included tales of war, the history of their culture, and religious views and practices. The stories also included romantic tales of great warriors and the fair maidens that they protected from evil while also upholding the crown. They included fanciful tales woven on the gossamer wings of fairies, dwarves, leprechauns, and trolls. These tales, passed down by verbal recount only, carried fact, faith, hope, and love through the generations that followed. Now no one knows which is fact and which is fiction. It has been proven that some of the tales were not true while archeological and historical studies have shown that some of the stories were in fact, true. In the Case of the Cottington Fairies, 1917, two English schoolgirls, 16-year-old Elsie Wright and her 10-year-old cousin, Frances Griffiths, produced photographs that, at the time, were endorsed by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (author of Sherlock Holmes) as authentic proof that fairies existed. Sixty years later however, the two girls confessed that the photos were a hoax (randi.org/library/cottingley). Caitlin Matthews (Van Gelder, 1977, 1999) discusses two instances of fairy encounters, which involved clergymen, one Catholic, and one Protestant. Today, the search for the â€Å"Lost City of Atlantis† continues based in part, on Zeus’s account that the Grand Island existed. (The Learning Channel, episode: Atlantis – The Lost City) Fairy tales span the globe. The fairies included in the tales vary in shape, color, and size. And in some cases their names vary as well. There are several fairies that contain the same characteristics from nation to nation and culture to culture. (Schorsch, 2000) â€Å"People in Africa told the same stories as people in China. People in Briton told the same stories as people in New Z... Free Essays on Who Believes In Fairy Tales Anyway Free Essays on Who Believes In Fairy Tales Anyway Once upon a long time ago, our ancient ancestors told their offspring the stories of the time. It was a form of the â€Å"news† and bonding. These stories included tales of war, the history of their culture, and religious views and practices. The stories also included romantic tales of great warriors and the fair maidens that they protected from evil while also upholding the crown. They included fanciful tales woven on the gossamer wings of fairies, dwarves, leprechauns, and trolls. These tales, passed down by verbal recount only, carried fact, faith, hope, and love through the generations that followed. Now no one knows which is fact and which is fiction. It has been proven that some of the tales were not true while archeological and historical studies have shown that some of the stories were in fact, true. In the Case of the Cottington Fairies, 1917, two English schoolgirls, 16-year-old Elsie Wright and her 10-year-old cousin, Frances Griffiths, produced photographs that, at the time, were endorsed by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (author of Sherlock Holmes) as authentic proof that fairies existed. Sixty years later however, the two girls confessed that the photos were a hoax (randi.org/library/cottingley). Caitlin Matthews (Van Gelder, 1977, 1999) discusses two instances of fairy encounters, which involved clergymen, one Catholic, and one Protestant. Today, the search for the â€Å"Lost City of Atlantis† continues based in part, on Zeus’s account that the Grand Island existed. (The Learning Channel, episode: Atlantis – The Lost City) Fairy tales span the globe. The fairies included in the tales vary in shape, color, and size. And in some cases their names vary as well. There are several fairies that contain the same characteristics from nation to nation and culture to culture. (Schorsch, 2000) â€Å"People in Africa told the same stories as people in China. People in Briton told the same stories as people in New Z...

The principle of non-refoulement. Practical usage of the Essay

The principle of non-refoulement. Practical usage of the non-refoulement principle - Essay Example Non-refoulement principle approved in 1951 is being widely discussed by scholars and scientists for determination of the boundaries of its relevant application in the modern international judicial paradigm. This principle belongs to a customary international law and prohibits â€Å"the expulsion, deportation, return or extradition of an alien to his state of origin or another state where there is a risk that his life or freedom would be threatened for discriminatory reasons† Therefore, in accordance with Article 33 of the 1951 Convention: â€Å"No Contracting State shall expel or return (â€Å"refouler†) a refugee in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his [or her] life or freedom would be threatened on account of his [or her] race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion†2. This principle is one of the basic pillars of refugee and immigration law.   There is one special aspect in this principl e in accordance with which an alien should not be sent to his country where he can be tortured. This is so-called â€Å"jus cogens rule† and this aspect is obligatory for all countries of the international society. Practical usage of the non-refoulement principle The British legal system has been also shaped under the influence of non-refoulement. Judicial bodies and other competent organs act with regards to this principle and regulating system of immigration and asylum is worked out with regards to the influence of this principle3. ... The main advantage available for all persons is the fact that even no valid legal travelling document is required in order to appeal for the country concerning non-refoulement principle. What is required from a person is his ability to prove a danger of a potential persecution, punishment or any other form of human rights degrading in his home country. Moreover, in case his liberties and freedoms are in danger or he may be subjected to an inhuman treatment at home, he should prove it to the country able to protect him in accordance with the non-refoulement principle. A system of proof in comparison with the one applied in criminal law cases is more tolerant. Thus, a principle of proof â€Å"beyond reasonable doubt† is discarded and a principle working in the civil law system â€Å"balance of probability† is not efficient as well6. Thus, the House of Lords rejected application of â€Å"balance of probability† norm in considering refugee cases. Currently, it is eno ugh to prove the slightest possibility for a person to be come through severe punishment or a serious harm. For example, a person may correlate a potential harm with the discriminatory grounds described in the Refugee Convention. Thus, on a discriminatory racial, religious or nationality or any other â€Å"membership of a particular social group†7 basis a person may be persecuted. In case a person managed to prove his fair basis for application for the non-refoulement principle, the country would provide him with relevant norms described in the Refugee Convention. Every country may interpret the basic principles of the Refugee Convention basing on its own particular ideas, but still, the main trends are strictly followed by the international community8. Therefore, the

Based Occupational Therapy for Adolescent Children Research Proposal

Based Occupational Therapy for Adolescent Children - Research Proposal Example Some agencies are starting to get involve in the public information campaign on various drug prevention and control programs whereby it adheres to the idea of using social influence and role playing to discourage adolescents from starting drug use and encourage them to refuse drugs in the future and consequently improve children's social health status. Historically, human infants are born without any culture. There must be transformation by their parents, teachers, and others into cultural and socially proficiently animals. The overall process of acquiring culture is referred to as socialization. During socialization, people learn the language of the culture they are born into, so as the roles they are to play in life. For instance, girls learn how to be daughters, wives, sisters, friends, and mothers. In addition, they learn about the occupational roles that their society has in store for them. People also learn and usually adopt culture's norms through the socialization process. Norms are the conceptions of appropriate and expected behavior that are held by most members of the society. While socialization refers to the general process of acquiring culture, anthropologists use the term enculturation during the socialization process to a particular culture. Early childhood is the period of the most intense and the most critical so cialization. It is then that we acquire language and learn the fundamentals of our culture. It is also when much of one's personality takes shape. But, note that if one continue to be socialized throughout lifetime. As people age, we enter new statuses and need to learn the appropriate roles for them. We also have experiences that teach us lessons and potentially lead us to alter our expectations, beliefs, and personality. For instance, the unpleasant experience of being raped would tend to cause a woman to be distrustful of others. According to Stoffel and Moyers (2004), individuals with problem on substance abuse are often referred to occupational therapy with the help of professional that deals more on self care, productivity through purposeful activities to help achieve the client's full recovery. Occupational therapy is a therapeutic activity or workshop that provides real life experiences to enhance individual's personality uplift self and has a meaningful life by means of rehabilitation. The major role of occupational therapists is to help the client become a successful member of the society again by allowing individual to develop a healthy lifestyle and participate in therapeutic activities (Gerrie ter Haar and James J. Busuttil 2005). Gordon (2003) stated that individual should change old habits by learning new skills and living a balance life that changes addictive behaviors to positive lifestyle, which uniquely outfitted to occupational therapy. Occupational therapy teaches skills to establish individual's role in the community. The purpose is to help individual balance responsibilities through learning effective coping strategies can communicate effectively and can be able adjust to stressful