Research Methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Techniques - Research Proposal Example The focuses and procedures that such information use to investigate research information are explained in a way to catch the pith. Information examination alludes to the evaluation of information or data utilizing strategies that will build up the patterns, connections, and examples, which can be started in the information. Henceforth, it includes exposing information to measurable techniques to make connections that exist between factors. There are two sorts of information, quantitative Data that requires gathered data that can be deciphered into numbers and subjective information. The piece incorporates sentiments, statements, and portrayals that are gathered. Information examination assists with distinguishing if there was any generous change in the factors that are reliant and can realize power in the information. Information examination can likewise uncover factors that produce changes in the factors that are needy. It additionally builds up the force that exists among various conditions, which influence the assessment results. The investigation of information of the association is related with certain restrictions. The vast majority of the outcomes assessed just examination an example of the gathering, so it doesn't completely exemplify the association in general. At the point when insights is abused, it prompts generous blunders that can realize obliterating dynamic in an association. Then again, procedures applied effectively, the translation of the outcomes might be hard to an association that has no mastery. The importance factual information of a pattern figures the level where the pattern could be impacted by varieties in the arbitrary example probably won't be in concurrence with its centrality. What's more, specialists may decipher information that solitary favors an association absolving out information that could be helpful for sometime later. Information coding alludes to an efficient strategy to decrease huge arrangements of information into littler units that can be dissected by planning classes and subordinate ideas from the information. Coding will be created when testing

The Effects of Mozarts Music on Middle School Age Learning

Distinctive music sorts and structures effectsly affect the people’s state of mind, conduct, and exercises. Thus, it is conceivable to express that music can likewise emphatically influence learning of understudies learning at the center school in view of animating crafted by their minds, impacting the physiological procedures, and influencing the students’ enthusiastic state and moods.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Effects of Mozart’s Music on Middle School Age Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More While examining the most proper styles and types of music which can influence the students’ adapting decidedly, the scientists center around the melodic pieces created by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791). The sonatas, ensembles, and other symphonic arrangements made by this melodic virtuoso are talked about as the instances of the ‘light’ music of the eighteenth century which animates th e positive view of the world as well as the scholarly development related with the improved learning (Hattie and Yates 208-209). Regardless of the way that the impact of Mozart’s music on learning by and large, and on the center young learning specifically, is the dubious theme which is effectively talked about by therapists, physiologists, instructors, and music scholars, the job of Mozart’s music for affecting the students’ temperaments, practices, and inspiration can be considered as huge. Contingent upon its classification, music can give various impacts on the listener’s observation. Old style music can animate the brain’s exercises and the person’s procedure of reasoning all the more effectively in view of the music’s amicability and parity. The traditional music is regularly utilized as the mood melodies in light of the points of interest of its rhythms to influence the rhythms of the person’s body and brain’s exe rcises. In this way, specialists express that the diatonic agreement of numerous old style sytheses can add to changing the parts of the people’s blood flow and to impacting the persons’ state of mind and excitement (Jausovec, Jausovec, and Gerlic 2704). Moreover, undivided attention to old style music and the utilization of traditional creations as the ambient sounds can effectsly affect the students’ discernment and learning. During his life, Mozart made the extraordinary assortment out of melodic pieces, for example, sonatas, dramas, and ensembles which are described by the outrageous melodic parity and exquisite harmony.Advertising Looking for investigate paper on craftsmanship and plan? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his works, Mozart centers around the diatonic congruity and on utilizing the even expressions to highlight the fair idea of the piece. The emphasis is likewise on the hints of wood winds, on the metal and strings. Thus, the audience sees Mozart’s sonata or a bit of an orchestra as the light and shortsighted arrangement which builds mind-set and gives the sentiment of amicability. Mozart’s music dependent on the stressed amicability and straightforward songs doesn't influence individuals adversely, while invigorating their critical feelings (Keefe 150-152). Mozart’s sytheses appear to give the unequivocal impact of daylight and to help understudies to think all the more emphatically due to the charming sounds and songs heard according to Mozart’s works. Mozart’s sonatas and ensembles can be portrayed as the impressions of the people’s faculties and feelings. There is no brutality or horrendous sounds in Mozart’s works. Besides, the crowd is frequently dazzled fundamentally with the agreement of Mozart’s strict works in which strings sound all the more seriously and clearly (Keefe 138-141). In spite of the fact that Mozart’s pieces are regularly formed by minor examples, they don't sound rather cynically. That is the reason, Mozart’s music is intriguing and powerful to be tuned in to and to give the beneficial outcomes on the students’ learning forms. It is conceivable to express that Mozart’s music depends on the decent mix of the instruments’ sounds which are seen as lovely and light that is the reason Mozart’s melodic pieces can animate the expansion in the students’ efficiency while finishing the home undertakings or during the basic reasoning procedures. Mozart’s music can be examined as the powerful variation to make the positive climate for learning. In addition, the congruity of sounds and songs in various Mozart’s works can effectsly affect invigorating the persons’ exercises while being tuned in to effectively or as the mood melodies. At the point when the understudy centers around tuning in to Mozart†™s sonata, on its musical example and on the hints of the instruments, the understudy can build up their innovativeness, creative mind, fixation, and memory (Jausovec, Jausovec, and Gerlic 2705). Mozart’s music tuned in to as the foundation tunes can give the oblivious consequences for the understudies learning at the center school on the grounds that their efficiency builds unintentionally.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on The Effects of Mozart’s Music on Middle School Age Learning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is fairly hard to locate the exact confirmations to express that the way toward tuning in to Mozart’s works can add to improving the students’ scholarly execution. Nonetheless, it is conceivable to look at the distinctions of the traditional music’s impacts on various understudies, contingent upon their age. Mozart’s music has the constructive outcomes on students’ learni ng capacities since it animates their reasoning procedures, discernment, innovativeness, and inspiration. Tuning in to the light balanced melodic expressions run of the mill for Mozart’s sonatas, it is fairly simple to focus on the learning exercises and become progressively gainful. All things considered, it is somewhat hard to finish up about the job of music for the scholarly development without referencing to the general improvement of the reasoning procedures brought about by the students’ center around the decent and orchestrated melodic material. Works Cited Hattie, John, and Gregory Yates. Obvious Learning and the Science of How We Learn. USA: Routledge, 2013. Print. Jausovec, Norbert, Ksenija Jausovec, and Ivan Gerlic. â€Å"The Influence of Mozart’s Music on Brain Activity in the Process of Learning†. Clinical Neurophysiology 117.12 (2006): 2703-2714. Print. Keefe, Simon. Mozart’s Viennese Instrumental Music: A Study of Stylistic Re-innov ation. USA: Boydell Brewer, 2007. Print. This exploration paper on The Effects of Mozart’s Music on Middle School Age Learning was composed and put together by client Nora Zamora to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

P.A Research Sample Paper: Use it For College Admissions

P.A Research Sample Paper: Use it For College AdmissionsDuring the college admissions process, the use of a P.A Research Sample Paper is always a useful tool. It can show your prospective students that you have already taken the time to think about what they have to offer.Because so many of us are busy with our jobs and studies, it can be difficult to get to many of the more distant universities or colleges we apply to, especially if we have only attended high school for a few years. When you take the time to consider the kind of degree you want, it can make a big difference in whether or not you are accepted for one of these smaller colleges.Because of the increasing importance of people in different fields, there are more companies looking for people at great length of time. If you have a genuine interest in the field you want to pursue, but you are just a bit unsure of where to begin, an APA Research Sample Paper may be just what you need. By submitting the information and helping to prove yourself worthy of consideration, your potential employer will be able to see your passion for your chosen field and know that you are serious about pursuing it.It is not always possible to go the distance to get your degree, as interest often dictates your time frame. You don't want to miss out on the opportunities you could be missing by not taking the time to consider the type of college that is best for you. P.A Research Sample Papers is one way to give yourself an edge.There are many people who do very well in college admissions tests because they understand the requirements and are prepared to follow through with a course or two in a degree program. It is important to have all of the relevant information when you go through the admissions process.Before you even get to the college, you must have a good understanding of yourself and of your family history. This is something that will determine your admission into the college, and every decision that you make with rega rds to your life should be informed by this. Your background should not be a mystery; it should help to demonstrate to prospective employers that you have the ability to succeed.You must also consider the educational goals you have set for yourself. Are you really seeking a specific degree? If so, you will want to go to the colleges that match your needs and have the educational experience you need to graduate.The P.A Research Sample Paper is used by schools and colleges all over the country and is used by each student's prospective employers as they decide which of the many college candidates is most likely to succeed in his or her future career. Using the P.A Research Sample Paper to prove your educational goals is a vital element in the entire process. Be sure to submit your application, answer the admissions questions honestly, and show your potential employer that you are serious about pursuing your dream degree.

Political Systems in Ancient China - 1151 Words

Political Systems in Ancient China. Politic has always been defined as a pivotal point to human development, especially in structuring a civilization and nation. According to Wikipedia, the term politic was derived from the Greek word ‘politikos’, which means the theory and practice of influencing other people on many levels, or in other words, an exercise of governance over a community (Wikipedia). Politic is unique in all places: different country and state may have different types of ruling system that is exercised with some other part of the world. Politic is like an assimilation of all ruling system across the world, the uniqueness of a political system is influenced by the other political system as well. In human system, this political system, and political change throughout the different era, is crucial in reshaping human development for the better. China in the ancient era was highly sought for its power inculcated across the globe. China is one of the oldest civ ilizations said to exist in the world, and even up to now is still highly acknowledged as one of the most biggest political influence in the world. During this ancient era, China was ruled by a system known as dynasty, or ruling families for over a long period. As it was governed by the ruling of dynasties, China was ruled by a leader known as ‘Emperor’ in different dynasties throughout the centuries. It was during this period that the political unity and disunity were seen throughout, parallel with theShow MoreRelatedAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Ancient China and Ancient Greece were two vastly different civilizations with different cultures; they shared a multitude of similar political, economic, and philosophical achievements while also inholding multiple differences. The centralized government of China differed from the independent city-states of Athens. A similarity that both civilizations held in regards to politics would be the role, or lack thereof one, that women played within their respectiveRead MoreMesopotamia, Egypt and China Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesThe civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China were all different but were also developed similar ways of doing things. The political, economic and intellectual outlooks of these ancient peoples say a lot about their ways of life. The religious views of Egypt and Mesopotamia were rather different. II. Politics The political thinking of these ancient civilizations definitely had their differences and also their similarities. A. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was divided into city-statesRead MoreChinese vs Greeks when It Comes to Influence708 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Chinese and the Greeks had the most influence. Emphasis should be placed on how Greek culture has spread farther and affected the world in ways the Chinese was unable to. We can see most roots of modern Western culture lying within the Ancient Greek. Ancient Greece had a very large impact on todays’ modern world. The Greeks developed many amazing inventions, and ideals that have shaped our society. The various fields that were advanced include architecture, democracy, philosophy, science, andRead MoreAncient India And China s Caste System Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Ancient India and China’s Caste System In ancient India and China a social system was developed to separate the society into levels. This social system is called a caste system. Which caste level you belong to was determined by your occupation and family origin. If you were born the son of a king your life was grand. But, if you were born to a farmer you are a farmer for life. Your birth determines where you fall in the caste system, and you live according to the rules. Both ancient India and ChinaRead MoreSimilarities Between Confucianism And Ancient China1248 Words   |  5 Pagesand political ideas have served as the fundamental foundation to many early civilizations and settlements and Ancient China is no exception. The texts of the Ta Hsà ¼eh and the Chung Yung clearly details some ideas and concepts of early Confucianism in Ancient China. These early Confucian ideas and concepts from the two texts, in many ways reflect the political, intellectual, and social context of ancient China. Although Confucianism is no lo ng as prominent as it was during the times of ancient ChinaRead MoreThe Underlying Profitability Of Importing American Books Into Chinese Market Through The Aspect Of Culture And Economy Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduction China Zhijian Publishing House, founded in 2010, is a company which mainly publishes Chinese publications and about 600 categories of new books can be published every year. The category of publications includes popular books, reference books, applied technology books, textbooks, medical electronic and audio-visual publications and so on. In addition, China Zhijian Publishing House had 2 readers services departments at Beijing and established 50 agent sites, and meanwhile, it hadRead MoreAncient China vs. Ancient India753 Words   |  4 PagesAmber Richey October 15, 2012 World History Ancient India and Ancient China Different but the Same Ancient India and Ancient China have as many similarities as they do differences. Over many decades of being so close they have had very little run-ins with one another. They have thrived living by the basic principles of a peaceful co-existence society. They have accepted each other’s differences and come to realize just how many similarities they have. Today it is almost impossible the seeRead MoreAncient Rome And Ancient China939 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Rome and Ancient China were two different civilizations with very different yet very similar ways of life. Culture, religion, and more importantly, politics, helped make life the way it was for those who lived in ancient rome and ancient china. Politics were what made everything function, just as it does today. Politics is what was responsible for the wars that took place between civilizations, and why dynasty’s fell and why new ones rose right after. Politics were the backbone holding upRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Between Civilizations, Mesopotamia And Ancient China868 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst civilizations because they were able to form the first functional communities, successful systems of organized laws over people, the distinction of social classes, economic income, and development of arts and educations. Two of histories well-known civilizations, Mesopotamia and Ancient China had similar experiences in the beginnings of their histories, they still have a different cultural and political views. These early civilizations experienced similar environmental situations that contributedRead MoreComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 Pagesriver valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive as possible, the primary focus will be on comparing and analyzing the cultures and ambiance, or environments, political organization and religious beliefs, and social structures of each society. The following categories are going to

Comparing Good Will Hunting and A Beautiful Mind Essay

The commonality between the films Good Will Hunting and A Beautiful Mind lies in the heart and the capacity of the human spirit to triumph even during the most dire circumstances. There seems to be much more dissimilarity between the two movies then there are similarities. Essentially we are looking at two very different individuals and the people and situations that surround them. To achieve a true understanding of these characters the observer has to ask several questions. The questions asked vary from personal thoughts and behaviors to social and adaptive ones. How does the social climate during the era in which they live contribute to the problems caused by their individual situations? How does their genius play into each of the†¦show more content†¦In example, when John was questioning if he wanted to marry his girlfriend amazingly his roommate showed up to council him. John stated should I marry her Charles? I have a good job and plenty of money. Charles basically sai d that John should hold on to anyone who is willing to marry him. In this way he had created a very effective way of problem solving. Unfortunately it was also a symptom of his unknown illness. In Good Will Hunting, Will does not find an equal in genius, but does find a mainly emotional/intellectual equal, Sean Maguire (therapist). This did not happen quickly, but rather over the course of several weeks. With a gradual openness Will is able to ask a probing question. The question meant a great deal more then it first appeared to. Will incites a dialogue that proves to be life changing; apparently all Will really needed was a catchy clich#233; of a phrase (repeated over and over again) and an invasion of personal space (Sean moving closer and closer to Will, finally holing him as he cries). To get over the abuse and move on with his life. Will asks his therapist Do you have any experience with this sort of thing? 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Shakespeare’s later sonnets, 127-152, dealing with the â€Å"dark lady†, the antithesis of the Petrarchan model of love, however, may be a more accurate predecessor,Read MoreCharacter Analysis of Romeo Essay1903 Words   |  8 Pagespromptings he unburdens his misery. We learn that he loves a lady who has sworn to remain a virgin. â€Å"She’ll not be hit with cupids arrow, she hath dian’s wits†. Meaning that she does not love him and she has Dian’s wit. Dian is the goddess of hunting and chasity, she avoids Cupid’s arrows ; from this we learn that Rosaline has no intention of loving him or any other man. This is further proven when Romeo confirms Benvolio’s question that she has sworn to remain a virgin. RomeoRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa: Never Being Skinny Enough Essay2470 Words   |  10 Pagesdisease that has three main features: refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, a strong fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image (Anorexia Nervosa). Anorexia nervosa is a fascinating difficult-to-treat disease that affects the body and the mind. Anorexia nervosa is a disease that revolves around the thought of â€Å"Never being skinny enough.† Once someone starts to live an anorexic lifestyle nothing else in his or her life matters anymore. Family, friends and other activities are pushed asideRead MoreE.E. Cummings and his Life as a Poet Essay1967 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough typographic and linguistic experimentation (Frazee, â€Å"E.E. Cummings). An avoidance of capital letters and creative placement of punctuation soon became his trademarks. His experimental poetry took many forms, some amusing, some satirical, some beautiful, some profound, and some which did not make much sense (Frazee â€Å"E.E. Cummings†). Typical stylistic devices in his work include: running words together; scattering punctuation symbols cross the page; subverting the conventions of the English sentence;Read MoreEssay on Act 1 Scene 1 Romeo and Juliet.5321 Words   |  22 Pagestwo are involved can only be silly and stupid. In the opening moments of the scene, Sampson talks tough, and Gregory makes jokes at his expense. It takes time to explain jokes, so you may find this section of the summary slow going. Try to keep in mind that things actually move quickly. In less than three minutes of stage time Tybalt will be trying to kill Benvolio. Sampson says, Gregory, o my word, well not carry coals (1.1.1), and Gregory replies, No, for then we should be colliers (1.1Read MoreGods Underground by Richard Wurmbrand1817 Words   |  8 Pagessatisfied with it. He believed in theory that man is only matter, and that when he dies, he decomposes into salt and minerals. Although he reads the Bible for its literary interest, his mind closed at the point where he felt Gods foes were right. As he read on tears filled his eyes. He could not help comparing Christs life with his. In 1940 relations between Rumania and Britain were severed, and the English clergy had to leave. Since there was none else, he had to try and carry on the Church

Satirical Essay Satirical Abortion - 1592 Words

Satirical Abortion in Animated Fiction There are many prevalent issues, including abortion, race, religion, and pedophilia, that exist not only in America, but across the world, that many people have a difficult time discussing. These topics have a tendency to make people uncomfortable, and when brought up in discussion it can be easy to offend someone who has an opposing opinion. Even though conversation about these issues is difficult to engage in, the conversations are important to have. Satire has a way of making light of uncomfortable topics, and it allows for the conversation about these topics to be started. Since satire approaches these topics in a joking manner, people might be less inclined to be offended. In Bojack Horseman and South Park, the characters are able to talk about an incredibly controversial topic, abortion, in a way that should not be taken offensively. These examples demonstrate that if done in an effective way, satire can touch upon any topic. Since these two episodes are fictional and presented as an animation, there is a separation from reality that makes it easier to tackle more controversial topics effectively. Being a cartoon, audiences automatically view these shows as as fictional, so discussion about controversial topics can be brought up and audiences are less likely to be offended. When topics that are difficult or uncomfortable to talk about are covered in different mediums, like articles, novels, and non-animated shows, it is easier forShow MoreRelatedSatirical Abortion Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesGood people disagree about the morality of abortion because we disagree about what defines human nature. First trimester abortions may have absolutely no moral implications whatsoever--perhaps a first trimester embryo is no more conscious than a kidney or spleen. Or they may have more serious moral implications. Our culture hasnt come to a consensus on that yet. 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It includes sarcasm and irony as Jonathan Swift takes us through a roller coaster ride to show us how the poor are treated miserably. The narrator begins by leading us down a path. He seems sincere and thinks it is a pity how everywhere you walk in the streets of Dublin you see the poor begging people for hand outs. He is seeking a solution to help the commonwealth. He appears to be a logicalRead MoreOutline: a Modest Proposal Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pageschildren had the highest poverty level with over 16 million children living in poverty. That is just in the United States. Imagine the number of children living in poverty in the entire world. 2. My name is Alice and I will present to you the satirical styles of Jonathan Swift and explain why â€Å"A Modest Proposal† will lead people in the right direction to help those in poverty. 3. Before I continue, here is the definition of â€Å"satire† according to Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. Satire is â€Å"trenchantRead MoreA Modest Proposal By Jonathan Swift1516 Words   |  7 Pagesand make them beneficial to the public were denied by the government, sending him into a state of anger with the people of England and a state of frustration with the people of Ireland for allowing themselves to be mistreated for so long. Through satirical writing and appeals to all three persuasive appeals, Swift aims to outrage the intended audience just enough to call attention to the fact that something must be done to combat the social, political and economic issues of Ireland caused by the EnglishRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1008 Words   |  5 Pageschildren became a burden. Politicians did nothing to improve Ireland’s situation. These ongoing Problems in Ireland led Jonathan Swift to write,† A Modest Proposal.† In his essay, Swift uses satire to give rational but extreme solutions to Ireland’s issues. Swift institutes the practice of cannibalism of children in his essay to address the issue of starvation, economic depression and overpopulation. In â€Å"A Modest Proposal,† Swift says,†... The remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offeredRead MoreSatire of a Modest Proposal Essay1331 Words   |  6 PagesIrony is a beautiful technique exercised to convey a message or call a certain group of people to action. This rhetorical skill is artfully used by Jonathan Swift in his pamphlet â€Å"A Modest Proposal.† The main argument for this mordantly ironic essay is to capture the attention of a disconnected and indifferent audience. Swift makes his point by stringing together a dreadfully twisted set of morally untenable positions in order to cast blame and aspersions on his intended audience. Jonathan Swift’sRead MoreModest Proposal1066 Words   |  5 PagesA Modest P roposal was a satirical essay written by Jonathan Swift depicting the horrific conditions of Ireland and the lives of the Irish people in 1729. Swift writes the satire disguised as a social planner of the time who as Swift satirizes were known to be overly rational rather than compassionate. The author portrays and attacks the cruel and unjust oppression of Ireland by its oppressor, the mighty English and ridicules the Irish people at the same time. However, Swifts opposition is indirectlyRead MoreA Modest Proposal1096 Words   |  5 Pagesmade journalism his political tool. It is during this time that he learned about the power of the press and honed his writing skill for political purposes. He also wrote many series of satirical pamphlets that made him very famous including â€Å"A Modest Proposal† (Hunting, 1967). In his satire† A Model Proposal† essay, he is projecting the idea that in order to deal with the beggar’s social issue in the Ireland, it will be necessary to sell the children of the beggars to the rich so they can be usedRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal996 Words   |  4 Pagespolitical satireism to this day. Greek philosopher, Aristotle, created the modes of persuasion to show how one can effectively persuade the appeal of an audience. Jonathan Swift uses these modes to begin an empirically sound proposal. Swift starts the essay stating the deplorable state to which the great Irish city of Dublin had fallen. The first lines alone, â€Å"It is a melancholy object to those, who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets, the roads and cabin-doors

International Journal Computer Applicationsâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Computer Applications? Answer: Introduction Information security is a process and action to ensure the protection of information and preventing the unauthorized use of confidential and private information, especially electronic data. Information security ensures different measures in achieving the correct security standards for particular information (Peltier, 2013). There are different risk agents that can launch an attack on the information system in with an aim of data theft and corrupting the data. One of the major threat agents is ransomware, which is a type of malicious software, typically designed to block the access of data or the whole computer system, until a sum of money is paid to the attacker (Brewer, 2016). The recent cases of ransomware attack include the attack on UKs National Healthcare Service, Russias Interior Ministry and staffers at selected offices of FedEx. The global ransomware attack on this organization has resulted in the disruption of normal services loss of confidential data. The increasing attack of ransomware is alarming as many organizations and computer system are targeted by these attacks to fetch a huge sum of money from the user (Mansfield-Devine, 2016). The background, risks and security concerns along with the future trends in relation to such ransomware attacks are elaborated in the following paragraphs. Background A worldwide cyber attack by Wanna Cry ransomware, as it is called has potentially put many lives at risk by paralyzing the computer systems of National Health Service, UK. The attack paralyzed thousands of appointments and emergency operations of the hospital as the ransomware attack threatened to delete crucial files unless an amount of $300 is paid (Collier, 2017). The ransomware was capable enough to break into the robust cyber security measures taken by the hospital in protection of data. However, the attack were mainly laid on the systems, that were using Windows XP and the malware managed to jump from computer to computer by targeting the weakness of the this older version of windows operating system (Clarke Youngstein, 2017). Only the windows XP were targeted as Microsoft had stopped supporting it in the year 2014, and the computers that were still operating on windows XP did not install the patch (Mattei, 2017). A similar cyber attack was led on Interior ministry of Russia, by making a use of hacking tools created by U.S National Security Agency. The attack was launched on more than 100 countries and locking the files and data of different computers demanding a payment of $300 for restoring the access (Mohurle Patil, 2017). According to the cyber extortionists, the attackers have used the stolen NSA hacking tools for sending spam emails with the ransomware attached in form of invoices, job offers, security warnings and other legitimate files. Once the user opens that files, the malware gets installed into the computer and encrypts all the files present in the computer (Mattei, 2017). The files can only be decrypted after paying a certain amount of money in form of bit coins as demanded by the attackers. Furthermore, if the amount is not paid within 7 days, the files are permanently deleted from the system and thus, the user has no choice apart from paying the attacker. Even the staffers of FedEx offices were attacked by this ransomware. Security software makers of Avast said that they have observed of about 57000 infections in 99 countries and the top target of this attack was Russia, Ukraine and Taiwan (Mohurle Patil, 2017). One of the most dangerous features of ransomware is that the ransomware-encrypted files cannot be decrypted that easily. Furthermore, the malware has the ability to scramble the files names, so that it remains undetected or becomes very difficult to detect. After locking the crucial files, the ransomware displays a message asking for a specific sum of money in order to decrypt the files. One of the major concerns about the ransomware is that, it targets the infected machines into botnets so that the future attacks become easier to conduct. After infecting a single computer, the ransomware can easily spread to other computers connected in a local network (Rajput, 2017). Ransomware generally has data infiltration capabilities and includes geographical targeting as well. This indicates that the ransom note is generally translated into victims language, thus increasing the chances of ransom to be paid. The most common methods that are generally used by the attackers in launching and executing a ransomware attack are listed below (Mansfield-Devine, 2013)- sending spam email campaigns that contains malicious links and attachments security exploits in different vulnerable software injecting malicious codes in legitimate websites creating Botnets The above-discussed processes are the most common technique of ransomware attack. However, there are many different processes of launching ransomware attacks as well. Ransomware attack mainly uses complex set of different evasion techniques that generally go unnoticed by traditional antivirus. The different types of ransomware includes encryption ransomware, lock screen ransomware and master boot record ransomware (Sittig Singh, 2016). The attacks cited above are mainly encryption ransomware attack, which is also known as file encryptor ransomware. The risks and security concerns associated with ransomware are elaborated in the next section. Risk and Security Concerns of Ransomware The different risks and security concerns associated with ransomware are elaborated in the following paragraphs (Akkas, Chachamis Fetahu, 2017)- The risks associated with the ransomware are listed below- 1) Ransomware is an infection vectors that are propagated with the user-initiated actions, which include, clicking some malicious links obtained from spam email or visiting any malicious websites. Therefore, it becomes almost impossible to detect a ransomware before it actually launches the attack. 2) The major target of a ransomware attack includes mobile devices, weak operating systems, software and cloud based applications and resources. 3) All the crucial files are locked by the ransomware paralyzing the entire system. The files cannot be decrypted by any means without paying the amount as demanded by the attacker and therefore it becomes very difficult or impossible to access the files without paying the attackers (Mohurle Patil, 2017). 4) As an effect of ransomware attack, different process within an organization may come to a hault, risking even peoples life as happened with the case of National Health Service in UK. There are other risks associated with a ransomware attack as well, which includes loss of confidential data, stealing of data and so on. The security concerns associated with a ransomware attack are elaborated in the next section. Security Concerns The major security concerns associated with the ransomware attack are elaborated below- 1) The attacker makes use of the vulnerability in the operating system or a device in order to launch an attack. This indicates that the operating system or the security essentials of the system and devices is needed an upgrade. This may be further lead to the loss of confidential data and information (Bhardwaj et al., 2016). 2) The major security concern associated with ransomware attack is that, once infected a single computer, it can easily spread to different computer systems. 3) The ransomware attack generally targets different public institution and organizations making a use of the untrained staffs who handle the information security systems. Thus, out of date equipments and untrained staffs may lead to loss of data and considerable monetary loss as well. The vulnerabilities of the information system of the institution are targeted in different ransomware attack (Pathak Nanded, 2016). Ransomware attacks may Change the name of the files of a particular system, thus it becomes impossible to detect such attack. The different strategies that can be implemented in lessening the risk and security issues associated with the ransomware and preventing the ransomware attack are elaborated in the previous section (Hampton Baig, 2015). Strategies for addressing the risks and security concerns The strategies for addressing the different risks and security concerns associated with the ransomware are listed below- 1) In order to prevent the risk of Ransomware attack, all the out of date information systems are to be updated and patched regularly. The core security fundamentals that include patch management, regular backup and disaster recovery must be ensured regularly in order to prevent the risks of a ransomware attack. 2) Regular maintenance of windows and updating the antivirus software is a major strategy in preventing such ransomware attack. 3) Another strategy in avoiding the payment of ransom even if the attack occurs is to keep a backup of the most important files. This way, the user will not have the need of unlocking the encrypted files by paying money as he already has another set of data (Everett, 2016). 4) Ransomware is generally spread via email and therefore, it is utmost necessary to configure the email web server and block the doubtful attachment extensions such as .exe, .vbs and .scr. 5) The user should not respond or even open the email and messages sent by unfamiliar people. Furthermore, the phishing emails should be detected and avoided as much as possible. 6) On account of detection of suspicious activities and processes, the internet connection of the system is to be disconnected as soon as possible in order to prevent the further spreasing of the malware. 7) The volume shadow copy service or VSS of windows can be used for restoring the previous version arbitrary files. If the VSS is disabled on a computer at the time of attack, can later be used to restore the encrypted files. Therefore, VSS can be used in order to eliminate the effects of the ransomware attacks. 8) Windows Firewall should be kept enabled all the time. 9) Additional firewall protection can also be leveraged in enhancing the security essentials of the information system in order to prevent any ransomware attack. 10) The computer security software must be effective enough to scan the compressed or archived files of the system, in order to detect the ransomware attack. 11) A browser add on may also be installed that can help in blocking the pop ups. 12) Auto play should be disabled in order to prevent the automatic launching of files from external media. 13) The automatic file sharing should be disabled, as in case a system is hit by a ransomware attack, it does not spread to the other systems. 14) Bluetooth and other wireless connections should be kept off when not in use. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that the ransomware attack is strategically launched in order to leave a widespread effect. Different ransomware attack has been discussed in the report and the major causes of these attacks are found to be the improper security essentials and out of date system. Ransomware attacks are more dangerous because the files once encrypted by the attack cannot be decrypted without paying the sum of money the attacker is demanding. The report discusses the different security concerns and the risks associated with a ransomware attack. The major strategy of preventing the ransomware attack is keeping the systems up to date and patched. The other strategies that can be implemented for preventing the attack and lessening the impact of a ransomware attack are further discussed in the report. The most feasible technique of not paying the ransom even if an attack is experienced, is to keep regular backups of the important files, so that even the if they are encrypted by the ransomware, the user does not have to pay the ransom. Future Trends The future trends associated with the ransomware and the attacks related to the ransomware are listed below (O'Gorman McDonald, 2012.)- 1) Based on the strategies used for the launching the past attacks, it can be said that the ransomware attacks are going to take a more dangerous structure in future 2) The ransomware attack can however be prevented by improving the information security essentials and generating awareness among the users for keeping their security systems up to date. 3) The future of ransomware includes targeting the security of web mail providers 4) Declination of ransomware can however be possible by enforcing a law for shutting down the attackers of ransomware and the exploit kits that deliver them. References Akkas, A., Chachamis, C. N., Fetahu, L. (2017). Malware Analysis of WanaCry Ransomware. Bhardwaj, A., Avasthi, V., Sastry, H., Subrahmanyam, G. V. B. (2016). Ransomware digital extortion: a rising new age threat.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9, 14. Brewer, R. (2016). Ransomware attacks: detection, prevention and cure. Network Security, 2016(9), 5-9. Clarke, R., Youngstein, T. (2017). Cyberattack on Britains National Health ServiceA Wake-up Call for Modern Medicine. New England Journal of Medicine. Collier, R. (2017). NHS ransomware attack spreads worldwide. Everett, C. (2016). Ransomware: to pay or not to pay?. Computer Fraud Security, 2016(4), 8-12. Hampton, N., Baig, Z. A. (2015). Ransomware: Emergence of the cyber-extortion menace. Mansfield-Devine, S. (2013). Security review: the past year. Computer Fraud Security, 2013(1), 5-11. Mansfield-Devine, S. (2016). Ransomware: taking businesses hostage. Network Security, 2016(10), 8-17. Mattei, T. A. (2017). Privacy, Confidentiality, and Security of Health Care Information: Lessons from the Recent WannaCry Cyberattack. World Neurosurgery, 104, 972-974. Mohurle, S., Patil, M. (2017). A brief study of Wannacry Threat: Ransomware Attack 2017. International Journal, Management. O'Gorman, G., McDonald, G. (2012). Ransomware: A growing menace. Symantec Corporation. Pathak, D. P., Nanded, Y. M. (2016). A dangerous trend of cybercrime: ransomware growing challenge. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering Technology (IJARCET) Volume, 5. Peltier, T. R. (2013). Information security fundamentals. CRC Press. Rajput, T. S. (2017). Evolving Threat Agents: Ransomware and their Variants. International Journal of Computer Applications, 164(7). Sittig, D. F., Singh, H. (2016). A socio-technical approach to preventing, mitigating, and recovering from ransomware attacks. Applied clinical informatics, 7(2), 624.

Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning Essay Example

Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning Paper Porphyrias lover is one of the most dramatic monologues written by a Victorian poet. Many tried to grasp new concepts of sensuality and brutality but it was Browning who captured these themes perfectly. As the Victorian society developed its understanding on sexuality and morality, people realized how many problems they have to face due to the idea of bad and wrong. Consciousness was a new idea so many poets didnt look at the normal side of the society but tried to develop their understanding and reflection of the insane minds. Porphyrias lover is a great example of such a reflection. Through the monologue we are pushed to face the conflict within the mind, the most twisted endeavors of our souls and the tip of a huge mountain of insanity. The narrator of this great piece is a complex multi layered character who shows us the problems and conflicts within his mind. Browning unfolds the secrets of the narrator very subtlety. The murder is described with a passive and apathetic voice which makes this poem seem so unreal and abstract. The author touches the most delicate and dark sides of our mind and shows us what would happen if the was no conscious present or if it was understood differently. The narrator describes his actions as I found a thing, thing to do,( )and strangled her. This is a very passive description of a action. It tells us that the narrator believed it was a natural action; killing the girl. Her love was so dear to him, that he decided to keep it in her for eternity. This action could theoretically be considered romantic. However, isnt killing someone a brutal action. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Analyse Porphyrias lover by Robert Browning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Here we are facing a great conflict. Were his actions romantic or rather brutal, is taking someone elses life a loving or a evil action? The narrator doesnt even see other possibilities. He is so satisfied with the love and compassion she is showing him ( happy and proud; at last I knew Porphyria worshiped me) On the other hand Browning tells us there was some questioning to his actions. No pain felt she, Im quite sure she felt no pain the narrator is reassuring himself that his actions were right and loving. This tells us that there was some rational thinking in his head. However, rational doesnt mean the same thing to everyone. There is no clear description of what is rational or not. If there is enough evidence to back up your action then it may as well be considered rational. The point is that the narrator does back up his actions with reasoning, unfortunately his reasoning and his action do not weigh each other out meaning that in our modern reality his mind is unbalanced and incorrect. To show the deep complexity of ones mind, Browning uses a very particular rhyme pattern through out the piece ABABB. The intensity and asymmetry of the pattern suggests the madness concealed within the speaker’s reasoned self-presentation. The speaker uses a few great metaphors. As a shut bud that holds a bee, I warily opened her lids. This could indicate the reflection upon his actions. As we know bees sting, the narrator doesnt want to feel the painful truth. A beautiful flower has died with his love hidden inside. It is now not visible so he opens her eyes again, afraid of what he might see; pain, horror, hate. Hes scared that once the bud id open his love will sting him and fly away. In the last line of the poem the author talks about the result of his actions, and yet God has not said a word. This tells us that the narrator knows his actions could be considered as bad but yet no one has done anything. No one stopped him from doing what he had done therefore it was right. This also indicated that our speaker is religious and is scared aware of heaven and hell, this could suggest that to hold Porphyrias love and passion was so dear to him it was worth more than being a good man or going to heaven.

Penelope and Telemachus Essays

Penelope and Telemachus Essays Penelope and Telemachus Paper Penelope and Telemachus Paper I believe that Telemachus and Penelope were the true heroes of the odyssey. I think Penelope and Telemachus were honest and Odysseus was not because he slept with a lot of women such as Circe and calypso. I believe Penelope was loyal, even though there were suitors that were trying to convince her to marry them. On the other side, Telemachus had hope that his father would return. All of these qualities are hero like. Penelope was the hero of the odyssey because she was true to her husband in spite of compelling reasons to give him up. She managed to raise her son by herself. She was loyal and devoted to her husband because the suitors tried offer her many things such as ship full of gold, ships and food her but she refused the offer. She is a good house wife because she can weave. She is believed to be one of the most beautiful women ever. Not only Penelope is beautiful and talented, she is also clever, although usually its Odysseus who is said to be clever or cunning. But when shes backed into a corner and forced to choose a suitor, Penelope agrees shell wed one of them, but first must weave this special cloth. Then, as the suitors get drunk each day, she weaves in full view. But at night, while theyre all sleeping it off, she stays up late; ripping out everything she wove during the daylight hours. So she makes very little progress on this weaving! And theyre too dull to notice. I think Telemachus has remained hopeful because he think that hes is still alive. One key trait that Telemachus shows is hope towards his fathers life, and his mothers love for his father. No, please, I need the boat, my father is still alive, I know it, and he really is. (Book XVIII, 212) This just shows his hope towards his father, and how he tried to persuade his fellow Ithacans to give him a boat to go out and search for his father. Another skill that Telemachus has, is courage, which he shows specifically when he tries to defend his father. The extraordinarily interesting fact about his courage is that he is a smaller man, so despite the fact that he cannot defend himself from the suitors, he still manages to stand up for him and his father. Telemachus is much matured; however he is a normal teenager like us. I admire Telemachus for this, and I just hope that I can have that kind of hope throughout my life, as he did throughout his. I like Penelope because the She managed to trick the suitors and I like her because she is loyal person. I believe Penelopes greatest strength was loyalty. I think Telemachuss was courageous and brave. This assignment can clear out the doubts about who are the true heroes of odyssey.

Recovery of the China Stock Market and Challenges in the Post-Crisis Essay - 1

Recovery of the China Stock Market and Challenges in the Post-Crisis Era - Essay Example In fact, an outflow of approximately US$25 billion was experienced by China in December only, and at some point in the fourth quarter of 2008 a sum of US$150 billion was pulled out from the country, according to the report of the Bank of China (Min-Chan 2009, 43). The dramatic economic growth of China has to a certain extent been fuelled by its thriving export-driven production. Nevertheless, the export of China by mid-2008 diminished to a ‘negative 20-percent growth rate from the positive 20-30 percent rate in previous years’ (Platt 2009, 50). Because of these developments some financial analysts predicted that China would confront a financial crisis in 2009 and 2010. The prediction happened and this forced the Chinese government to initiate a set of stimulus package (Yao & Zhang 2011). These attempts of China to recover from the global financial crisis will be analyzed in this paper. The end of 2007 witnessed the sharp rise of China’s stock markets; however, the end of 2008 witnessed the bubbles’ remarkable rupture. The SSECI showed a decrease from 6,135 in 2007 to 1,608 in 2008 (Yao & Zhang 2011, 26). It has improved to some extent, but has been wrestling to swing around 3,000 from the period of the bubble disintegration. The SSECI showed 2,900 at the end of 2010 (Yao & Zhang 2011, 26). These changes are shown in the figure below: China exposed the avenues to new share offerings, letting loose a stream of initial public offerings (IPOs) to aid in the absorption of surplus liquidity and calm a raging stock market. What began as a drop of IPOs became a surge, with numerous companies primed to register in the Shanghai Stock Exchange (Platt 2009). According to Michael Guillen, professor of international management and director of the Lauder Institute, in his remark about the recovery attempts of China’s stock market in the Financial Times (2009), â€Å"During the last two years, monetary policy has

Fibre Reinforce Polymer Composites in Bridge Structures Term Paper

Fibre Reinforce Polymer Composites in Bridge Structures - Term Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that mechanically, a composite is a separable combination of two or more materials that are not the same at the molecular level but purposefully mixed to come up with a new material that has optimal and superior properties, which are different from those of its components. These materials have been utilized over the years in construction. An ancient way was the use of straw for reinforcement in clay and mud bricks. In the last century, in several structural systems, combination of reinforcing concrete and steel has been used for construction. However, a new crop of composite material has since been largely accepted by most engineers for construction and the rehabilitation of new structures and existing facilities. This class consists of Fibre Reinforced Polymer composites, which were in the earlier days developed specifically for defense and aerospace. Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) are a combination of polymeric resins which acts as binders o r matrices that has stiff and strong fibre assemblies which act as the reinforcing phase. The combination of a reinforcing phase with the matrix phase produces a material system that is analogous to steel reinforced concrete and is new. However, these concentrations may significantly vary; generally, the reinforced concrete rarely has more than 5% reinforcement, whereas Fibre reinforced polymer composites contains more than 30% reinforcements.... This class consists of Fibre Reinforced Polymer composites, which were in the earlier days developed specifically for defense and aerospace. Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) are a combination of polymeric resins which acts as binders or matrices that has stiff and strong fibre assemblies which act as the reinforcing phase. The combination of a reinforcing phase with the matrix phase produces a material system that is analogous to steel reinforced concrete and is new. However, these concentrations may significantly vary; generally, the reinforced concrete rarely has more than 5% reinforcement, whereas Fibre reinforced polymer composites contains more than 30% reinforcements. Components of a Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Fibre This is a material that has been made into a long filament. A single fibre normally has up to 15Â µm. When the diameter is bigger, the probability of surface defects increases. The aspect ratio of diameter and length in continuous fibres can range from thousa nds to infinity. They usually occupy 50% of the weight and over 30% of the volume. Fibres are mainly meant for providing fitness, carrying the load, providing thermal stability, strength, and other structural properties to Fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) (2). The fibres in FRP composite need to have very high ultimate strength, high modulus of elasticity, low variation strength, high uniformity of diameter, high stability, and high uniformity of surface dimension among fibres. There are various forms of fibre used as reinforcements for polymer composite reinforcement exists. The manufacturer of materials made from FRP composites normally present

The Triangle Fire Essay Example for Free

The Triangle Fire Essay On November 22rd, 1909 Clara Lemlich of the International Ladies Garment Workers Union provokes, through her words, a general strike of Women Garment workers1. Within two days of her speech, 20,000 shirtwaist makers had walked off their jobs. By February of 1910 most of the companies recognize and grant the demands of the union. All except the owners of The Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Max Blanck and Issac Harris, while they agreed to shorter hours and higher wages, they refused to recognize the union, and their concessions did not equal those of the other business owners2. Then, on March 25th, 1911 the most tragic event of New York City’s twentieth century occurred; a fire broke out in the Triangle Waist Company. This horrific loss of life was observed by many onlookers and resulted in the tragic demise of 146 workers, mostly young woman immigrants who either burned to death, or chose to die by jumping from the eighth, ninth and tenth floors of the Asch building3. This fire and the public observance of lives lost was the greatest tragedy of the time, it had a direct impact on society, it led to political reform and most importantly, changes in legislation that ensured the reform of the work place across our entire nation. This observed tragedy united a society that until then was divided by cultural and economical differences. On April Sixth, 1911 over 350,000 people participated in the funeral march for the seven unidentified victims of the fire. Mrs. Raymond Robins the head of the National Trade Union League traveled from Chicago to take part in the processional. There was representation from  the suffragists, and the Socialists, the poor and the rich. In the pouring rain, people from all cultures, races and religions gathered to pay respect for all the lives lost4. These people and people across the nation, having seen or read about this tragedy came together and united to ensure nothing  like this would ever happen again. The public outcry following the fire stirred the politics and the politicians of this time. No one wanted to take responsibility for the tragedy. The governor of New York blamed the city, the mayor refused to even visit the site, political cartoons bashed the current leadership and controversy prevailed5. The city government had in the past worked together with the police to protect the Triangle Shirt Company and it’s owners. The party of Tammany Hall quickly realized they would need to change their position, and focused on a new stance of reform6. These leaders who historically supported boss politics, were collectively responsible for this tragedy and be it through guilt, or public demand they led the change and were themselves, changed by the tragic fire. The public outcry and demand for reformation of the workplace was finally being heard and acted upon. Pushed by the already publically developed and supported Committee of Safety, the party of Tammany established The Factory Investigating Commission (FIC), which led the legislation and laws related to workplace reform. The commission mandated workplace health and safety by establishing workplace laws and regulations related to fire prevention and safety, woman and children, sanitary conditions, work hours, injury  prevention, compensation, and the construction and use of buildings; the commission implemented and was responsible for the changes that the people had demanded. The young workers that perished in The Triangle Fire were among those who initially fought for the reform, they unwillingly gave their lives for the cause. It was however, this loss that led society to demand safer working conditions. Because of these 146 souls work became a safer, fairer place for all people. The laws and legislation still govern businesses and corporations. The Triangle Fire was and still is, a tragically ironic  humanity-altering event. 1. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 13. 2. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 16. 3. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 16. 4. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 89. 5. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 26. 6. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, The Triangle Fire (Boston, Bedford/St. Martins, 2009), 102. 4

Superiority of Races in Sinclair Lewis Babbitt Essay -- Lewis Babbitt

Superiority of Races in Babbit      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hatred, intolerance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness are all terms that can be applied when describing someone who is a bigot.   By these terms George F. Babbitt, the protagonist in Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt, and many of his acquaintances are quite the bigots toward all those that appear different than he is especially immigrants and minorities in America.   The blame should not be placed squarely on these men's shoulders for possessing such hate filled beliefs, but their opinion of the matter is generated from the accepted notion, which had been approved of and passed down through the generations, that immigrants and minorities are far less superior than the "native" white men who have "always" lived in America.   The irony of this subject in the book is that although men of Babbitt's stature openly shared and joked with one another about their superiority to all other races, not one would ever admit that he was even by a small degree a bigot. By showing this to the reader Lewis was making the point that even though there were few that openly admitted to being a bigot almost everyone had some type of bigotry inside because to him it was an essential part of human nature.   Even though there is still racism in today's society it is not as widespread as it was during the time in which Lewis wrote.   Therefore Lewis' view of human nature is not entirely accurate when applied to modern society.  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Babbitt never publicly articulated any racist type comments, his ideas toward immigrants and minorities could easily be affiliated with that of racial supremacy.   Although there was a brief period in which Babbitt did sympathize with the immigrant... ... Paul S, et al. The Enduring Vision: a History of the American People. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. 950   Ezekiel, Raphael S. Introduction The Racist Mind: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen. New York: Penguin, 1995. xxviii-xxi. Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. 1922. New York: Bantam, 1998. 21+ 148-149 Leyden, Thomas James. "The Making of a Skinhead." Simon Wiesenthal Center. 1999. http://www.wiesenthal.com/tj/index.html>. Rpt. in Ethnic Violence. Ed. Myra H. Immell. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 98   Pascoe, Elaine. Racial Prejudice: Why Can't We Overcome?. 2nd ed. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franklin Watts, 1997. 21+ 33+ 79-80+ 99+ 116. Witkin, Gordon, and Jeannye Thornton. "Pride and Prejudice." U.S. News & World Report 15 Jul.1996. Rpt. in Ethnic Violence. Ed. Myra H. Immell. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 74. Superiority of Races in Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt Essay -- Lewis Babbitt Superiority of Races in Babbit      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hatred, intolerance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness are all terms that can be applied when describing someone who is a bigot.   By these terms George F. Babbitt, the protagonist in Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt, and many of his acquaintances are quite the bigots toward all those that appear different than he is especially immigrants and minorities in America.   The blame should not be placed squarely on these men's shoulders for possessing such hate filled beliefs, but their opinion of the matter is generated from the accepted notion, which had been approved of and passed down through the generations, that immigrants and minorities are far less superior than the "native" white men who have "always" lived in America.   The irony of this subject in the book is that although men of Babbitt's stature openly shared and joked with one another about their superiority to all other races, not one would ever admit that he was even by a small degree a bigot. By showing this to the reader Lewis was making the point that even though there were few that openly admitted to being a bigot almost everyone had some type of bigotry inside because to him it was an essential part of human nature.   Even though there is still racism in today's society it is not as widespread as it was during the time in which Lewis wrote.   Therefore Lewis' view of human nature is not entirely accurate when applied to modern society.  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although Babbitt never publicly articulated any racist type comments, his ideas toward immigrants and minorities could easily be affiliated with that of racial supremacy.   Although there was a brief period in which Babbitt did sympathize with the immigrant... ... Paul S, et al. The Enduring Vision: a History of the American People. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. 950   Ezekiel, Raphael S. Introduction The Racist Mind: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen. New York: Penguin, 1995. xxviii-xxi. Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. 1922. New York: Bantam, 1998. 21+ 148-149 Leyden, Thomas James. "The Making of a Skinhead." Simon Wiesenthal Center. 1999. http://www.wiesenthal.com/tj/index.html>. Rpt. in Ethnic Violence. Ed. Myra H. Immell. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 98   Pascoe, Elaine. Racial Prejudice: Why Can't We Overcome?. 2nd ed. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franklin Watts, 1997. 21+ 33+ 79-80+ 99+ 116. Witkin, Gordon, and Jeannye Thornton. "Pride and Prejudice." U.S. News & World Report 15 Jul.1996. Rpt. in Ethnic Violence. Ed. Myra H. Immell. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 74.

A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management

PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Vol. 16, No. 6, November-December 2007, pp. 780 –790 issn 1059-1478 07 1606 780$1. 25 POMS doi 10. 3401/poms.  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society A Note on the Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Jeffery S. Smith †¢ Kirk R. Karwan †¢ Robert E. MarklandDepartment of Marketing, Florida State University, Rovetta Business Building, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA Department of Business and Accounting, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA Management Science Department, Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, 1705 College Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA [email  protected] fsu. edu †¢kirk. [email  protected] edu †¢[email  protected] sc. edu e present an empirical assessment of the productivity of individuals and institutions in terms of service operations management (SOM) research.We reviewed ? ve mainstream operation s management journals over a 17-year time period to generate a sample of 463 articles related to service operations. The results indicate that SOM research has been growing and key contributions are being made by an array of researchers and institutions. Key words: research productivity; research review; service operations Submissions and Acceptance: Original submission: Received November 2005; revisions received July 2006 and October 2007; accepted October 2007 by Aleda Roth. W 1. IntroductionThe transformation of industrialized economies from a manufacturing base to a service orientation is a continuing phenomenon. The trend is readily apparent in the United States where, by virtually all accounts, over 80% of private sector employment is engaged in some sort of service work (Karmarkar, 2004). Despite this, observers of research in operations management (OM) have long been critical of the ? eld for not transitioning in a similar manner. One study by Pannirselvam et al. (1999) revi ewed 1,754 articles between 1992 and 1997 in seven key OM journals and reported only 53 (2. 7%) addressed service-related problems.Roth and Menor (2003) also voiced concern about a paucity of research in presenting a Service Operations Management (SOM) research agenda for the future. Regardless of the exact ? gures, there is clearly enormous potential and need for research in the service operations arena. Recent developments within the discipline are encouraging. For example, Production and Operations Management (POM) and the Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) have taken several steps to facilitate research in service operations. First, the journal recently published three focused issues on 780 service operations.Second, POMS created a society subdivision, the College of Service Operations, that has hosted several national and international meetings. Finally, the journal now has an autonomous editorial department dedicated to service operations. Other initiatives to promote the service operations management ? eld include the establishment of IBM’s Service Science, Management, and Engineering initiative (Spohrer et al. , 2007) and the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science Section on Service Science. To a large extent, the service operations ? eld has long been considered to occupy a niche within operations management.If service operations management researchers are to establish themselves ? rmly within the OM community, it is our contention that their theoretical contributions to leading academic journals must be more widely recognized and their relevance to practice acknowledged. As a part of the effort to encourage this progress, the purpose of this note is twofold: (1) to demonstrate that published work in the key operations journals is indeed showing an upward trend and (2) to facilitate research of individual scholars by identifying the individuals and institutions that have contributed most to the ? ld of service operations. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 781 2. Methodology and Results Although much more complex mechanisms exist to measure â€Å"contribution,† we relied on a straightforward approach to assess contributions by individuals and institutions. We considered four issues: (1) the time frame for the review, (2) the journals to be included, (3) the metric for productivity, and (4) the means to identify the articles to be included.First, we selected a 17-year time frame beginning with 1990 and running through 2006 because we believed that this interval would provide a comprehensive picture of the service operations ? eld as it has developed, as well as an opportunity to detect any overall trends. Next, we limited our assessment to the outlets identi? ed by the University of Texas at Dallas as the premier journ als in operations management (see http://citm. utdallas. edu/ utdrankings/).These include 3 journals dedicated to OM, the Journal of Operations Management (JOM), Manufacturing and Service Operations Management (MSOM), and POM, and two multidisciplinary journals, Management Science (MS) and Operations Research (OR). Third, we assessed scholarly productivity by counting the number of research articles attributable to both individuals and their academic institutions, assigning a weight of 1/n to an author and his or her institution if an article had multiple (â€Å"n†) authors. The ? al issue to determine was what constituted a SOM article. We ? rst eliminated any article or research note that centered on agriculture, mining, or manufacturing. Then, two authors served as independent judges to determine whether an article employed an operations focus while addressing a service-speci? c problem or situation. In cases where there was disTable 1 Year 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19 96 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Totals Service % agreement between the two raters, the third author made the ? al decision. Consequently, an article was excluded if it developed a generic operations model or involved an operations topic that was discussed in a general way and was applicable in either a manufacturing or a service environment. When an article made speci? c reference to service contexts and elaborated on them, it was included. To clarify this point, consider the case of an article investigating an inventory-positioning policy between a manufacturer and a series of retailers.The article would be included as pertaining to service operations if it took the perspective of the retail operation but would be excluded if it took the manufacturing viewpoint. Using this methodology, we identi? ed 463 distinct service operations articles (see the Appendix for a complete list) and recorded information on the author(s) and author af? liation(s) at the time of p ublication. The numerical summary of articles is shown in Table 1, with each journal’s share of service operations articles.Over the 17-year period JOM, MSOM, and POM all exceeded 15% of service articles with respect to the total number of articles published, with OR and MS publishing somewhat smaller percentages. Additionally, there is an upward trend in the total number of service articles appearing in all ? ve journals, with a marked increase in the past 3 years (see Figure 1). With regard to JOM and POM, part of this move is attributable to the publication of special issues, which is a positive development because it demonstrates a heightened emphasis originating at the editorial level.The total number of individuals appearing in the sample pool was 799. In Table 2, we list 27 individuals Distribution of Service Operations Publications by Selected Journal and Year JOM 4 1 n/a 2 1 4 3 1 3 3 6 5 8 3 7 11 13 75 15. 4 MS 3 9 5 4 5 12 4 8 11 15 5 7 3 4 11 16 13 135 6. 5 MSOM n /a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 0 3 5 3 1 5 5 6 28 16. 8 OR 10 5 10 12 6 8 6 7 10 5 9 5 8 6 11 16 16 150 10. 1 POM n/a n/a 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 11 2 4 4 14 11 3 9 75 17. 9 Total 17 15 18 19 14 27 16 18 27 34 25 26 26 28 45 51 57 463 Service % 7. 0 6. 7 6. 6 7. 8 5. 9 8. 9 6. 3 7. 0 9. 2 12. 5 9. 0 9. 2 8. 8 10. 7 15. 17. 2 17. 2 10. 0 Note. n/a (not applicable) indicates that no issue was published in the speci? c journal in the target year; totals indicate the sum of all service operations articles in the noted year/journal; service % indicates the representation of service articles in comparison to the total number of articles published. 782 Figure 1 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society Distribution of Service Articles over the Investigation Period 70Number of Service Articles 60 50 40 30 20 10 2001 2004 1990 1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2003 1994 1999 1991 1992 1996 1997 Year who contributed the most articles on SOM in the ? ve journals. We conducted the same analysis by institution, and it resulted in 343 organizations appearing in the sample. Columbia University contributed the most articles, with a score of 16. 17. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Pennsylvania followed with productivity scores greater than 12. Table 3 lists the remainder of the 26 most productive institutions.Although clearly dependent upon the journals within the sample, an important conclusion that might Table 2 Name Ward Whitt Gary Thompson Stefanos Zenios Scott Sampson Richard Chase Arnold Barnett Kenneth Boyer Arthur Hill Aleda Roth Robert Shumsky Dimitris Bertsimas Susan Meyer Goldstein Julie Hays Ananth Iyer Andreas Soteriou Cynthia Barnhart Vishal Gaur Deborah Kellogg Larry Jacobs Marshall Fisher Francois Soumis William L Cooper Jean Harvey Serguei Netessine Gerard Cacho n Kingshuk Sinha Avishai Mandelbaum Individual Author Contributions Productivity score 8. 0 5. 50 3. 33 3. 33 3. 17 2. 90 2. 67 2. 67 2. 67 2. 53 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 50 2. 42 2. 33 2. 25 2. 20 2. 17 2. 03 2. 00 2. 00 2. 00 1. 83 1. 83 1. 83 be drawn from Tables 2 and 3 is that the key contributions in SOM research are diverse and originate from a broad array of authors and institutions. Many of these authors and institutions are known to approach the ? eld from normative or prescriptive perspectives and others from more empirical or descriptive perspectives.In fact, Gupta, Verma, and Victorino (2006) recently noted that much of the growth in service research has come from studies that completely or partially employed empirical research methodologies. This increased emphasis on empirical studies bodes well for the â€Å"new† and growing ? eld. Table 3 Institution Institutional Contributions Productivity score 16. 17 16. 05 13. 41 12. 17 8. 75 8. 15 6. 75 6. 67 6. 67 6. 17 5. 77 5. 67 5. 67 5. 58 5. 50 5. 42 4. 95 4. 87 4. 75 4. 70 4. 50 4. 50 4. 42 4. 33 4. 33 4. 08Columbia University Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Minnesota University of Pennsylvania University of Southern California Michigan State University University of Texas at Austin Stanford University Purdue University Cornell University Carnegie Mellon University University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Georgia Institute of Technology University of Utah New York University Harvard University Northern Illinois University University of Rochester Southern Methodist University Naval Postgraduate School AT&T University of Cyprus University of California at Los Angeles University of Maryland Vanderbilt University University of Michigan 2006 2005Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society 783 3. Concluding Comments â € ¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ A variety of forces appear to be stimulating a longexpected increase in research emphasis on service operations management. Because service organizations and issues increasingly dominate the global economy, a greater emphasis on SOM research seems important and inevitable. With operations management journals and related professional societies simultaneously providing visibility for researchers and their efforts, it is likely that we will move forward toward a clearer and more robust SOM research paradigm.Acknowledgments We thank the anonymous reviewers and the editorial team for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Appendix Journal of Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Davis, 1990, An analysis of customer satisfaction with waiting times in a two-stage service process. Mabert, 1990, Measuring the impact of part-time workers in service organizations. Mersha, 1990, Enhancing the customer contact model. Thompson, 1990, Shift scheduling in services when employees have limited availability. Haynes, 1991, Management of technology in service ? rms. Banker, 1993, Integrated system design and operational decisions for service sector outlets.Thompson, 1993, Accounting for the multi-period impact of service when determining employee requirements for labor scheduling. Rajagopalan, 1994, Retail stocking decisions with order and stock sales. Heineke, 1995, Strategic operations management decisions and professional performance in U. S. HMOs. Karmarkar, 1995, Service markets and competition. Kellogg, 1995, A framework for strategic service management. Thompson, 1995, Labor scheduling using NPV estimates of the marginal bene? t of additional labor capacity. Archer, 1996, Consumer response to service and product quality. Butler, 1996, The operations management role in hospital strategic planning. Klassen, 1996, Scheduling outpatient appointments in a dynamic environment.Youngdahl, 1997, The relationship between service customers’ quality assurance behaviors, satisfaction, and effort. Harvey, 1998, Service quality. Narasimhan, 1998, Reengineering service operations. Soteriou, 1998, Linking the customer contact model to service quality. Simons, 1999, Process design in a down-sizing service operation. Smith, 1999, The relationship of strategy, ? t, productivity, and business performance in a services setting. Stank, 1999, Effect of service supplier performance on †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ satisfaction and loyalty of store managers in the fast food industry. Ketzenberg, 2000, Inventory policy for dense retail outlets. Metters, 2000, A typology of de-coupli ng strategies in mixed services.Miller, 2000, Service recovery. Sarkis, 2000, An analysis of the operational ef? ciency of major airports in the United States. Seung-Chul, 2000, Flexible bed allocation and performance in the intensive care unit. Verma, 2000, Con? gurations of low-contact services. Boone, 2001, The effect of information technology on learning in professional service organizations. Hays, 2001, A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality. McFadden, 2001, Operations safety. Meyer-Goldstein, 2001, An empirical test of the causal relationships in the Baldrige Health Care Pilot Criteria.Pullman, 2001, Service design and operations strategy formulation in multicultural markets. Boyer, 2002, E-services. Cook, 2002, Human issues in service design. Hill, 2002, Research opportunities in service process design. Li, 2002, The impact of strategic operations management decisions on community ho spital performance. Menor, 2002, New service development. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The effect of location, strategy, and operations technology on hospital performance. Meyer-Goldstein, 2002, The service concept. Simons, 2002, A case study of batching in a mass service operation. Detert, 2003, The measurement of quality management culture in schools. Sa? zadeh, 2003, An empirical analysis of ? ancial services processes with a front-of? ce or back-of? ce orientation. Youngdahl, 2003, Revisiting customer participation in service encounters. Frohle, 2004, New measurement scales for evaluating perceptions of the technology-mediated customer service experience. Pagell, 2004, Assessing the impact of alternative manufacturing layouts in a service setting. Rabinovich, 2004, Physical distribution service quality in internet retailing: Service pricing, transaction attributes, and ? rm attributes. Stuart, 2004, Toward an integrative approach to designing service experiences. 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Sueyoshi, 1997, Measuring ef? ciencies and returns to scale of Nippon Telegraph & Telephone in production and cost analyses. Wilhelm, 1997, Prescribing tactical response for oil spill cleanup operations. Athanassopoulos, 1998, Decision support for target-based resource allocation of public services in multiunit and multilevel systems. Berk, 1998, The impact of discharge decisions on health care quality.Brusco, 1998, Personnel tour scheduling when startingtime restrictions are present. Gilbert, 1998, Incentive effects favor nonconsolidating queues in a service system. Laguna, 1998, Applying robust optimization to capacity expansion of one location in telecommunications with demand uncertainty. Lewis, 1998, Staf? ng and allocation of workers in an administrative of? ce. Lipscomb, 1998, Combining expert judgment by hierarchical modeling. Lobel, 1998, Vehicle scheduling in public transit and Lagrangean pricing. Mandelbaum, 1998, On pooling in queuing networks. 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Soteriou, 1999, Operations, quality, and pro? ability i n the provision of banking services. van Ryzin, 1999, On the relationship between inventory costs and variety bene? ts in retail assortments. Whitt, 1999, Improving service by informing customers about anticipated delays. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Whitt, 1999, Partitioning customers into service groups. Whitt, 1999, Predicting queuing delays. Ziarati, 1999, A branch-? rst, cut-second approach for locomotive assignment. Brusco, 2000, Optimal models for meal-break and starttime ? exibility in continuous tour scheduling. Johnson, 2000, Decision support for a housing mobility program using a multiobjective optimization model.Park, 2000, Telecommunication node clustering with node compatibility and network survivability requirements. Van Ryzin, 2000, Revenue management without forecasting or optimization. Zenios, 2000, Managing the delivery of dialysis therapy. Aksin, 2001, Modeling a phone center. Bonser, 2001, Procurement planning to maintain both short-term adaptiveness and long-term perspective. Fischetti, 2001, A polyhedral approach to simpli? ed crew scheduling and vehicle scheduling problems. Kara, 2001, The latest arrival hub location problem. Oliva, 2001, Cutting corners and working overtime. Pisano, 2001, Organizational differences in rates of learning. Stojkovic, 2001, An optimization model for the simultaneous operational ? ight and pilot scheduling problem.Lovejoy, 2002, Hospital operating room capacity expansion. Zenios, 2002, Optimal control of a paired-kidney exchange program. Zohar, 2002, Adaptive behavior of impatient customers in tele-queues. Boyd, 2003, Revenue management and e-commerce. Chao, 2003, Resource allocation in multisite service systems with intersite customer ? ows. Deshpande, 2003, A threshold inventory rationing policy for service-differentiated demand classes. Iyer, 2003, A postponement model for demand management. Alagoz, 2004, The optimal timing of living-donor liver transplantation. Avramidis, 2004, Modeling daily arrivals to a telephone call center. Berger, 2004, Long-distance access network design.Felici, 2004, A polyhedral approach for the staff rostering problem. Green, 2004, Improving emergency responsiveness with management science. Ho, 2004, Setting customer expectation in service delivery. Kim, 2004, Managing capacity through reward programs. Lira, 2004, Metaheuristics with local search techniques for retail shelf-space optimization. Sohoni, 2004, Long-range reserve crew manpower planning. Vickery, 2004, The performance implications of media richness in a business-to-business service environment. Whitt, 2004, Ef? ciency-driven heavy-traf? c approximations for many-server queues with abandonments. 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Kwasnica, 2005, A new and improved design for multiobject iterative auctions. Naveh, 2005, Treatment errors in healthcare. Netessine, 2005, Revenue management games. Reagans, 2005, Individual experience and experience working together. Terwiesch, 2005, Online haggling at a name-your-ownprice retailer. Wee, 2005, Optimal policies for transshipping inventory in a retail network. Whitt, 2005, Engineering solution of a basic call-center model. Zhao, 2005, Inventory sharing and rationing in decentralized dealer networks.Anderson, 2006, Measuring and mitigating the costs of stockouts. Ata, 2006, Dynamic control of an M/M/1 service system with adjustable arrival and service rates. Bernstein, 2006, Coordinating supply chains with simple pricing schemes. Bolton, 2006, The effect of service experiences over time on a supplier’s retention of business customers. Czerwinski, 2006, Airlines as baseball players. Faraj, 2006, Coordination in fast-response organizations. Gaur, 2006, Assortment planning and inventory decisions under a locational choice model. Huckman, 2006, The ? rm speci? city of individual performance. Lapre, 2006, Organizational learning curves for customer dissatisfaction.Netessine, 2006, Supply chain choice on the internet. Sosic, 2006, Transshipment of inventories among retailers. Su, 2006, Recipient choice can address the ef? ciency-equity trade-off in kidney transplantation. Taylor, 2006, An empirical examination of the decision to invest in ful? llment capabilities. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Swami, 2001, Play it again, Sam? Optimal replacement policies for a motion picture exhibitor. Garnett, 2002, Designing a call center with impatient customers. Huchzermeier, 2002, The supply chain impact of smart customers in a promotional environment. Johnson, 2002, Performance analysis of split-case sorting systems. Gans, 2003, Te lephone call centers.Barnhart, 2004, Airline schedule planning. Gallego, 2004, Revenue management of ? exible products. 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Brown, 1990, Annual scheduling of Atlantic ? eet naval combatants. Daduna, 1990, Exchangeable items in repair systems.Ferland, 1990, Decision support system for the school districting problem. Ford, 1990, Estimating the impact of ef? ciency standards on the uncertainty of the northwest electric system. Gopalan, 1990, Modeling equity of risk in transportation of hazardous materials. Hamblin, 1990, Optimizing simulation for policy analysis in a residential energy end-of-use model. Sherali, 1990, A two-phase decomposition approach for electric utility capacity expansion planning including nondispatchable technologies. Yamani, 1990, Single aircraft mid-air refueling using spherical distances. Altinkemer, 1991, Parallel savings based heuristics for the delivery problem.Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Opera tions Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 787 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hof, 1991, A multilevel analysis of production capabilities of the national forest system. Kent, 1991, Natural resource land management planning using large-scale linear programs. Kraay, 1991, Optimal pacing of trains in freight railroads. Kwun, 1991, Joint optimal planning of industrial congeneration and conventional electricity systems. Agnihothri, 1992, Performance evaluation of service territories.Avery, 1992, Optimization of purchase, storage, and transmission contracts for natural gas utilities. Hartley, 1992, Military operations research. Jack, 1992, Design and implementation of an interactive optimization system f or telephone network planning. Klimberg, 1992, Improving the effectiveness of FDA drug inspection. Ng, 1992, A multicriteria optimization approach to aircraft loading. Oren, 1992, Design and management of curtailable electricity service to reduce annual peaks. Stroup, 1992, A fuel management model for the airline industry. Weatherford, 1992, A taxonomy and research overview of perishable-asset revenue management. Wollmer, 1992, An airline seat anagement model for a single leg routine when lower fare classes book ? rst. Ball, 1993, A reliability model applied to emergency service vehicle location. Berge, 1993, Demand driven dispatch. Bradley, 1993, Measuring performance in a multiproduct ? rm. Brumelle, 1993, Airline seat allocation with multiple nested fare classes. Caulkins, 1993, Local drug markets’ response to focused police enforcement. Caulkins, 1993, The on-time machines. Fleurent, 1993, Allocating games for the NHL using integer programming. Franz, 1993, Scheduling med ical residents to rotations. Martin, 1993, Design and implementation of an expert system for controlling health care costs.Rautman, 1993, Scheduling the disposal of nuclear waster material in a geologic repository using the transportation model. Soumis, 1993, A stochastic, multiclass airline network equilibrium model. Terrab, 1993, Strategic ? ow management for air traf? c control. Blanco, 1994, A sea story. Reisman, 1994, Operations research in libraries. Ringel, 1994, A stochastic analysis of state transitions in an air-space management system. Russell, 1994, Devising a cost effective schedule for a baseball league. Vranas, 1994, The multi-airport ground-holding problem in air traf? c control. Weintraub, 1994, A heuristic system to solve mixed integer forest planning models.Barnhart, 1995, Deadhead selection for the long-haul crew pairing problem. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bitran, 1995, An application of yield management to the hotel industry considering multiple day stays. Brusco, 1995, Improving personnel scheduling at airline stations. Kaplan, 1995, Probability models of needle exchange. Keeney, 1995, Evaluating improvements in electric utility reliability at British Columbia hydro. Peterson, 1995, Decomposition algorithms for analyzing transient phenomena in multiclass queuing networks in air transportation. Richetta, 1995, Optimal algorithms and a remarkably ef? cient heuristic for the ground-holding problem in air traf? c control.Robinson, 1995, Optimal and approximate control policies for airline booking with sequential nonmonotonic fare classes. Barnhart, 1996, Air network design for express shipment service. Bitran, 1996, Managing hotel reservations with uncertain arrivals. Eisenstein, 1996, Separating logistics ? ows in th e Chicago public school system. Maclellan, 1996, Basing airtankers for forest ? re control in Ontario. Rosenthal, 1996, Optimizing ? ight operations for an aircraft carrier in transit. Thompson, 1996, DEA/assurance region SBDC ef? ciency and unique projections. Ahmadi, 1997, Managing capacity and ? ow at theme parks. Bevers, 1997, Spatial optimization of prairie dog colonies for black-footed ferret recovery.Bukiet, 1997, A Markov chain approach to baseball. Day, 1997, Flight attendant rostering for short-haul airline operations. Eppen, 1997, Improved fashion buying with Bayesian updates. Griggs, 1997, An air mission planning algorithm using decision analysis and mixed integer programming. Vance, 1997, Airline crew scheduling. Andreatta, 1998, Multiairport ground holding problem. Bertsimas, 1998, The air traf? c ? ow management problem with enroute capacities. Bixby, 1998, Solving a truck dispatching scheduling problem using branch-and-cut. Caprara, 1998, Modeling and solving the cre w rostering problem. Chatwin, 1998, Multiperiod airline overbooking with a single fare class.Gopalan, 1998, The aircraft maintenance routing problem. Lederer, 1998, Airline network design. Mason, 1998, Integrated simulation, heuristic and optimisation approaches to staff scheduling. Nemhauser, 1998, Scheduling a major college basketball conference. Savelsbergh, 1998, Drive: Dynamic routing of independent vehicles. Gamachea, 1999, A column generation approach for largescale aircrew rostering problems. Hobbs, 1999, Stochastic programming-based bounding of 788 Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ expected production costs for multiarea electric power systems. Keeney, 1999, Identifying and structuring values to guide integrated resource planning at BC Gas. Mingozzi, 1999, A set partitioning approach to the crew scheduling problem. Murty, 1999, The U. S. Army National Guard’s mobile training simulators location and routing problem. Barnett, 2000, Free-? ight and en route air safety. Barnhart, 2000, Railroad blocking. Bashyam, 2000, Service design and price competition in business information services. Feng, 2000, Optimal policies of yield management with multiple predetermined prices.Haight, 2000, An integer optimization approach to a probabilistic reserve site selection problem. Hoffman, 2000, A comparison of formulations for the single-airport ground-holding problem with banking constraints. Smith, 2000, Management of multi-item retail inventory systems with demand substitu tion. Van Slyke, 2000, Finite horizon stochastic knapsacks with applications to yield management. Zenios, 2000, Dynamic allocation of kidneys to candidates on the transplant waiting list. Barnett, 2001, Safe at home? Cai, 2001, Solving large nonconvex water resources management models using generalized benders decomposition. Cordeau, 2001, Simultaneous assignment of locomotives and cars to passenger trains.Feng, 2001, A dynamic airline seat inventory control model and its optimal policy. Henz, 2001, Scheduling a major college basketball conference—Revisited. Baker, 2002, Optimizing military aircraft. Camm, 2002, Nature reserve site selection to maximize expected species covered. Caprara, 2002, Modeling and solving the train timetabling problem. Cooper, 2002, Asymptotic behavior of an allocation policy for revenue management. Cooper, 2002, An illustrative application of IDEA (imprecise data envelopment analysis) to a Korean telecommunication company. Gans, 2002, Managing learn ing and turnover in employee staf? ng. Netessine, 2002, Flexible service capacity. Powell, 2002, Implementing real-time optimization models.Bertsimas, 2003, Restaurant revenue management. Brumelle, 2003, Dynamic airline revenue management with multiple semi-Markov demand. Cohn, 2003, Improving crew scheduling by incorporating key maintenance routing decisions. Deshpande, 2003, An empirical study of service differentiation from weapon system service parts. Erhun, 2003, Enterprise-wide optimization of total landed cost at a grocery retailer. Rajaram, 2003, Flow management to optimize retail pro? ts at theme parks. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Armony, 2004, Contact centers with a call-back option and real-time delay information. Armony, 2004, On customer contact centers with a callback option.Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercials on broadcast t elevision. Bollapragada, 2004, Scheduling commercial videotapes in broadcast television. Borst, 2004, Dimensioning large call centers. Cappanera, 2004, A multicommodity ? ow approach to the crew rostering problem. Gaur, 2004, A periodic inventory routing problem at a supermarket chain. Hamacher, 2004, Design of zone tariff systems in public transportation. Karaesmen, 2004, Overbooking with substitutable inventory classes. Qi, 2004, Class scheduling for pilot training. Zhu, 2004, Imprecise DEA via standard linear DEA models with a revisit to Korean mobile telecommunication company. Armstrong, 2005, A stochastic salvo model for naval surface combat.Ata, 2005, Dynamic power control in a wireless static channel subject to a quality-of-service constraint. Bertsimas, 2005, Simulation based booking limits for airline revenue management. Brown, 2005, A two-sided optimization for theater ballistic missile defense. Chardaire, 2005, Solving a time-space network formulation for the convoy movem ent problem. Dasci, 2005, A continuous model for multistore competitive location. De Vericourt, 2005, Managing response time in a callrouting problem with service failure. Holder, 2005, Navy personnel planning and the optimal partition. Jahn, 2005, System-optimal routing of traf? c ? ows with user constraints in networks with congestion. Maglaras, 2005, Pricing and design of differentiated services.Savin, 2005, Capacity management in rental businesses with two customer bases. Shu, 2005, Stochastic transportation-inventory network design problem. Su, 2005, Patient choice in kidney allocation. Wu, 2005, Optimization of in? uenza vaccine selection. Yang, 2005, A multiperiod dynamic model of taxi services with endogenous service intensity. Zhang, 2005, Revenue management for parallel ? ights with customer-choice behavior. Agur, 2006, Optimizing chemotherapy scheduling using local search heuristics. Bassamboo, 2006, Design and control of a large call center. Cook, 2006, Incorporating mul tiprocess performance standards into the DEA framework. Cordeau, 2006, A branch-and-cut algorithm for the diala-ride problem.Dawande, 2006, Effective heuristics for multiproduct partial shipment models. Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ 789 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Deshpande, 2006, Ef? cient supply chain management at the U. S. Coast Guard using part-age dependent supply replenishment policies. Fry, 2006, Fire? ghter staf? ng including temporary absences and wastage. Ghiani, 2006, The black and white traveling salesman problem. Green, 2006, Managing patient service in a diagnostic medical facility. Mannino, 2006, The network packing problem in terrestrial broadcasting.Marcus, 2006, Online low price guarantees. Marklund, 2006, Controlling inventories in dive rgent supply chains with advance-order information. Netessine, 2006, Revenue management through dynamic cross selling in e-commerce retailing. Perakis, 2006, An analytical model for traf? c delays and the dynamic user equilibrium problem. Romeijn, 2006, A new linear programming approach to radiation therapy treatment planning problems. Washburn, 2006, Piled-slab searches. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Production and Operations Management †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Easton, 1992, Analysis of alternative scheduling policies for hospital nurses.Ernst, 1992, Coordination alternatives in a manufacturing/dealer inventory system under stochastic demand. Schneeweiss, 1992, Planning and scheduling the repair shops of the Deutsche Lufthansa AG. Rajago palan, 1993, Allocating and scheduling mobile diagnostic imaging equipment among hospitals. Malhotra, 1994, Scheduling ? exibility in the service sector. Sainfort, 1994, A pavement management decision support system. Cox, 1995, A new learning approach to process improvement in a telecommunications company. Roth, 1995, Hospital resource planning. Schneider, 1995, Power approximations for a two-echelon inventory system using service levels. Chase, 1996, The mall is my factory.Crandall, 1996, Demand management. Joglekar, 1996, A pro? t maximization model for a retailer’s stocking decisions on products subject to sudden obsolescence. Cachon, 1996, Campbell soup’s continuous replenishment program. Clark, 1997, Reengineering channel reordering processes to improve total supply-chain performance. Harvey, 1998, Building the service operations course around a ? eld project. Kolesar, 1998, Insights on service system design from a normal approximation to Erlang’s delay for mula. Lee, 1998, Effects of integrating order/backorder quantity and pricing decisions. Boronico, 1999, Reliability-constrained pricing, capacity, and quality.Cheng, 1999, Optimality of state dependent (s,S) policies in inventory models with Markov demand and lost sales. Cook, 1999, Service typologies. Dasu, 1999, A dynamic process model of dissatisfaction for unfavorable non-routine service encounters. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Dube, 1999, Adapting the QFD approach to extended service transactions. Hays, 1999, The market share impact of service failures. Kapalka, 1999, Retail inventory control with lost sales, service constraints, and factional lead times. Metters, 1999, Measurement of multiple sites in service ? rms with data envelopment analysis. Nie, 1999, How professors of operations management view service operations.Soteriou, 1999, Resource allocation to impro ve service quality perceptions in multistage service systems. Stewart, 1999, The impact of human error on delivering service quality. Anderson, 2000, A simulation game for teaching servicesoriented supply chain management. Petersen, 2000, An evaluation of order picking policies for mail order companies. Chaouch, 2001, Stock levels and delivery rates in vendormanaged inventory programs. Devaraj, 2001, Product and service quality. Hays, 2001, A longitudinal study of the effect of a service guarantee on service quality. Van Woensel, 2001, Managing the environmental externalities of traf? c logistics. Agrawal, 2002, Multi-vendor sourcing in a retail supply chain.Boyer, 2002, Drivers of Internet purchasing success. Heim, 2002, Service process con? gurations in electronic retailing. Tagaras, 2002, Effectiveness of stock transshipment under various demand distributions and nonnegligible transshipment times. Akkermans, 2003, Ampli? cation in service supply chains. Alfaro, 2003, The value of sku rationalization in practice. Athanassopoulos, 2003, Modeling customer satisfaction in telecommunications. Baker, 2003, The bene? ts of optimizing prices to manage demand in hotel revenue management systems. Cayirli, 2003, Outpatient scheduling in health care. Giloni, 2003, Service system design for the property and casualty insurance industry.Goodale, 2003, A market utility-based model for capacity scheduling in mass services. Green, 2003, An improved heuristic for staf? ng telephone call centers with limited operating hours. Kassinis, 2003, Greening the service pro? t chain. Keizers, 2003, Diagnosing order planning performance at a Navy maintenance and repair organization using logistic regression. Meyer-Goldstein, 2003, Employee development. Mondschein, 2003, Appointment policies in service operations. Roth, 2003, Insights into service operations management. Stewart, 2003, Piecing together service quality. Boyaci, 2004, Supply chain coordination in a market with customer serv ice competition.Craighead, 2004, The effects of severity of failure and customer loyalty on service recovery strategies. Field, 2004, Managing quality in the e-service system. Gavish, 2004, Dynamic policies for optimal LEO satellite launches. 790 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Smith, Karwan, and Markland: Growth of Research in Service Operations Management Production and Operations Management 16(6), pp. 780 –790,  © 2007 Production and Operations Management Society †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Hur, 2004, Real-time work schedule adjustment decisions. Jack, 2004, Volume ? exible strategies in health services. Lapre, 2004, Performance improvement paths in the U. S. airline industry. Napoleon, 2004, The creation of output and quality in services.Sampson, 2004, Practical implications of preference-based conference scheduling. Tsay, 2004, Channel con? ict and coordination in the ecommerce age. Tsikriktsis, 2004, Adoption of e-processes by service ? rms. Chakravarthy, 2005, Optimal workforce mix in service systems with two types of customers. Gaur, 2005, In-store experiments to determine the impact of price on sales. Miller, 2005, A learning real options framework with application to process design and capacity planning. Anderson, 2006, Stochastic optimal control for staf? ng and backlog policies in a two-stage customized service supply chain. Berling, 2006, Heuristic coordination of decentralized inventory systems using induced backorder costs.Boyer, 2006, Analysis of effects of operational execution on repeat purchasing heterogeneous customer segments. Chambers, 2006, Modeling and managing the percentage of satis? ed customers in hidden and revealed waiting line systems. Ferguson, 2006, Information sharing to improve retail product freshness of perishables. Hays, 2006, An extended longitudinal study of the effects of a service guarantee. Rajamani, 2006, A framework to analyze cash supply chains. Sampson, 2006, Foundations and implications of a proposed uni? ed services theory. Whitt, 2006, Staf? ng a call center with uncertain arrival rate and absenteeism. References Gupta, S. , R. Verma, L. Victorino. 2006.Empirical research published in Production and Operations Management (1992–2005): Trends and Future Research Directions. Production and Operations Management 15(3) 432– 448. Karmarkar, U. 2004. Will you survive the services revolution? Harvard Business Review 82(6) 100 –107. Pannirselvam, G. P. , L. A. Ferguson, R. C. Ash, S. P. Siferd. 1999. Operations management research: An update for the 1990s. Journal of Operations Management 18(1) 95–112. Roth, A. V. , L. J. Menor. 2003. Insight into service operations management: A research agenda. Production and Operations Management 12(2) 145–164. Spohrer, J. , P. Maglio, J. Bailey, D. Gruhl. 2007. Steps toward a science of service systems. Computer 40(1) 71â€⠀œ77.